Essay on Thorr Motorcycles Case Analysis - 989 Words

Background of Situation Thorr Motorcycles is a company that manufactures 200,000 motorcycles a year. It also licenses T-shirts, shoes, leather goods, toys, and other consumer items. The company currently has a high-brand image manufacturing high-end motorcycles and owns approximately forty percent of market share. The challenge for Thorr is that the industry is growing, but sales of its high-end product are decreasing. The reason for this loss of market share is that the target customers of its high end product is growing older, and younger people do not identify with the brand image of Thorr. In addition, Thorr is a high product and younger people do not have the large disposable income necessary to support the brand.†¦show more content†¦Second, the simulation contradicts itself when it states that a large polygon means more market share. A larger polygon can be created by focusing on other factors than the recommended ones in the simulation. The second step in the simulation is to elect either launching a new product line or repositioning the Thorr brand. I chose to launch an entirely new product line. With the new product line, the pricing I chose will be $13,000 to $15,000 to target the younger crowd. Promotion will take place through Hollywood Films to target the younger generation. Place will be both the internet and the dealer showrooms. The services lineup will include dealer training, customization options, and financial services. I chose this market plan through analyzing the SWOTT analysis, and my choices were dead on with the simulations optimal choices. The third step in the simulation asked to interpret the data from the surveys in a perceptual plot. The interpretation of the data is a subjective measurement, and I did my best to analyze the data. My assumption is that if the company wanted to create a more accurate data plot that they would have customers actually give a one to ten rating on each of the factors outlined. For example, the company would have people number pricing on a scale of one to ten, which would be the same scale of the perceptual map. It isShow MoreRelatedPerceptual Maps in Marketing1180 Words   |  5 PagesPerceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary Thorr Motorcycles, Incorporated manufactures various models of motorcycles, and is a $5 billion company. The CruiserThorr power cruiser model provides the company a high brand image in the market, but sales are decreasing. The company contributes the decline to the aging target customers who purchase the cruiser as a lifestyle symbol, and the high cost of the motorcycle. Thorr must reverse the falling sales by developing a marketing plan with theRead MorePositioning Maps in Marketing: Cruiser Thorr Motorcycles Case Study1057 Words   |  4 PagesCRUISER THORR 6 Positioning maps in marketing: Simulation Phase I: Current market position Situation Cruiser Thorr Motorcycles have long had an esteemed reputation in the heavyweight motorcycle market. But the companys most loyal patrons, who grew up viewing Cruiser Thorr as synonymous with quality, are gradually aging out of these types of motorcycles. Younger consumers are more interested in lighter-weight motorcycles which are cheaper and more in keeping with their budgets and current trendsRead MoreUsing Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary1124 Words   |  5 PagesMaps in Marketing Simulation Summary The situation that is being explained in the simulation states of the declining sales of Thorr Motorcycles’s product, the CruiserThorr, because of its previous customers that are aging and no longer interested in what the product stands for. Another factor for the decline includes their younger customers wanting the motorcycle at a lower price for the fact that they would not otherwise have high salaries as in the older age group. These same young customersRead MoreMKT 421 Week 4 Ind Essay1821 Words   |  8 Pagesin Marketing Thorr Motorcycles Thorr Motorcycles, Inc. is manufacturing over 200,000 units annually and has current worth in excess of a billion dollars. Thorr is a leading name and holds around 40% of the total market. It not only sells motorcycles but also offers dealer training, dealer software support and mechanical training. For customers, it offers motorcycle rentals and biker training. Projected image of CruiserThorr is of â€Å"masculinity, mobility, and freedom†. Currently Thorr is experiencing

Essay Critical Thinking Beneficial in Nursing Education

The American Nurses Association (ANA) recognizes that critical thinking (CT) is an integral part of each step in the nursing process (ANA, 2010). Educating nurses in critical thinking begins during nursing school. National League for Nursing‘s (NLN) expectations for nursing students is that they are capable of incorporating CT into their practice (Roberts Petersen, 2013). Nursing students who successfully learn to critically think are better prepared to function in a dynamic patient care setting. Complex situations require a nurse to fully interpret all information, analyze it, and come up with the best solution to the problem. Nurses should be capable of using higher level critical thinking in order to achieve the best outcome for†¦show more content†¦Safety is essential in the nursing environment. As reported by Fero, Witberger, Wesmiller, Zullo and Hoffman (2008), nursing students are required to meet the minimal standards of care to ensure patient safety. Critical thinking allows students to make effective judgments in determining which nursing actions are most beneficial for patients in clinical settings. Students are able to â€Å"recognize changes in patient conditions [and] perform independent nursing intervention†. Teaching CT skills early in nursing education allows students to obtain a â€Å"a skill set† to improving patient care and promoting safety (Fero, Witberger, Wesmiller, Zullo Hoffman , 2008). Ruth Roberts and Sandra Petersen (2013) identified how critical thinking promotes patient safety directly through â€Å"recognizing a unique situation, using reasoned judgment, and remaining open-minded† (Roberts Petersen, 2013). Creative strategies enable students to assist the needs of patients that are most effective while ensuring the safety of the client as well as for themselves. Critical thinking directs individuals to investigate and reflect on all clinical observations in order to make the best decisions from a patient given set of circumstances. It is effective in the diagnostic portions of the nursing process, while increasing nursing competence and ensuring patient safety. CT is what makes nursing a growing and well respectedShow MoreRelatedDifference Between Nurses with Different Level of Education1104 Words   |  5 PagesDifference between nurses with different level of education As nursing has become a highly competent profession, the educational opportunities for nurses have increased significantly. The hospitals and other organizations that provide health care are also competing with each other and now the demand for nurses with bachelor degree is increasing. For decades the American Nurses association and the National League for nursing have attempted to make the BSN the only educational program for RNsRead MoreTeaching Strategies For A Patient With Post Operative Wound Infection824 Words   |  4 PagesIn today`s dynamic health care, in order to provide high quality and safe care to the patients, the nurses require increased levels of critical thinking, clinical judgment, and decision- making skills. Hence, the nurse educators should employ teaching strategies that promote critical thinking and clinical judgment skills (Hughes, 2008). When determining teaching strategies for student learning experiences the instructor must consider the content, curriculum, course, and unit objectives, feasibilityRead MoreAdvantages of Simulation Based Eductation for Nursing859 Words   |  4 Pagesa clinical environment and are designed to demonstrate procedure, decision making and critical thinking through techniques such as role playing and the use of devices such as interactive vidoes of manikins† (Connor, 2014). This study is aimed to explore what is successful and what is not in nursing simulations. In this study it is mentioned human patient simulation is potential for student education in nursing.   In addition, they indicated the importance of human simulation and describe it as a veryRead MoreInnovative Teaching Strategies For Developing Students s Critical Thinking930 Words   |  4 PagesInnovative Teaching Strategies to Develop Student’s Critical Thinking As a result of the persisting, dramatic advancement of knowledge and technology in the medical field, it is absolutely essential that nurses embrace the idea that the learning process they began in nursing school, must continue throughout their entire career (Yildirim, Ozkahraman, Karabudak, 2011, p. 176). The development and ongoing cultivation of critical thinking skills is central to their ability to take on new ideas andRead MoreFlorence Nightingale : An Intellectual Profession1610 Words   |  7 PagesWhen one thinks of the field of nursing, generally, the first word that comes to one’s mind is caring. While it is true that nursing is a caring profession, the scope of practice is more elaborate. Furthermore, since the dawn of nursing, the vocation has evolved significantly, embracing advancements in education and responsibilities. In essence, nursing has developed into a proud, highly educated, multifaceted discipline, and undoubtedly an intricate art. Nursing is an intellectual profession thatRead MoreQuality And Safety Education For Nurses1277 Words   |  6 PagesSafety â€Å"The delegation of the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) is to challenge nurses of their knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSA) for continuous improvement for the quality and safety of the healthcare systems where they work. Ensuring safe care is a fundamental value and ethical responsibility of the nursing profession (International Council of Nurses, 2000).† All nurses should be well educated to understand that safety reduces the possibility of injury to the patients and providers;Read MoreCase Study : The Aanp Offers A Twelve Month Leadership Program858 Words   |  4 Pagespractice (EBP) is using the best available research findings to make clinical decisions that are most effective and beneficial for patients† (Chitty Black, 2007, p. 275). As a professional, evidence based practice incorporates critical thinking and improving your clinical judgement. In order to stay up to date with evidence based practice the nurse can attend continued educati on, professional conferences, read journals, and become a member of a professional organization (Chitty Black, 2007,Read MoreCompetencies Between Adn and Bsn Essay904 Words   |  4 PagesCOMPETENCIES BETWEEN ADN AND BSN Competencies Between Associate Degree Nursing and Bachelor Degree Nursing Socorro L. Lufsey Grand Canyon University: Professional Dynamics NRS 430v February 12, 2012 Competencies Between Associate Degree Nursing and Bachelor Degree Nursing This paper will touch upon the educational requirements for the profession of nursing between Associate Degree Nursing (ADN) and Bachelor Degree Nursing (BSN). It will also explore the competency differences between the ADNRead MorePublic Health Nursing ( Phn ) Uses The Nursing Process Essay1577 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Health Nursing (PHN) uses the nursing process every day to help the community on a local, state, and national level. The PHN is a vital part of the health care system because they are part of the interdisciplinary team. The government on federal, state, and local levels rely on the PHN to uses their nursing skills and critical thinking in order to provide information; which then influences funding. PHN work in conjunction with the three core functions of public health, according to the IOMRead MoreThe Importance Of Continuing Education For A Nurse1235 Words   |  5 Pagescoming out of nursing school, you may be thinking that you have completed your education an d that you are ready to start practicing as a Registered Nurse. As a new professional this is partially correct, but you still have many years of continuing education. There are two different aspects of continuing education for a nurse: advanced educational programs or specific continuing education courses. Throughout this discussion I will be focusing on the importance of continuing education for nurses.

John F. Kennedy and Yellow Card Man Free Essays

One day in his class he assigns an essay topic â€Å"The Day That Changed My Life† One student named Harry Dunning writes about the night hls father murdered his mother and siblings; Jake is deeply impacted by the story. About two years later Jake is summoned to his frequent diner by the owner A1 Templeton. A1 was becoming deathly ill and because of this A1 shows Jake his discovery. We will write a custom essay sample on John F. Kennedy and Yellow Card Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now A1’s discovery Is a time portal located in the back of his diner. This portal sends the user back to the year 1 958 at always the same moment and place and when the user returns only two minutes will have elapsed. There is a suspicious man with a yellow card in his hat and which they refer to as the â€Å"Yellow Card Man† and he is also aware of the time portal. The portal can be used to change history but If you make a change once you visit the past again the change will be reset like it never happened at all. After A1 discovered this portal he became obsessed with preventing the JFK assassination and planned to spend five years in the past waiting to stop Lee Harvey Oswald. A1 had to give up on his plan because he had developed lung cancer so now he put the mission In Jake’s hands. Jake decides to test the portal out on Harrys family. hen he enters the past he notices the â€Å"Yellow Card Man’s† card had turned orange. Jake buys a gun and follows Harry’s father ready to kill him to prevent the murder of Harrys mother and siblings. Jake saves everyone except Harrys older brother. When Jake returns to the past he calls Harrys sister and he Is told Harry died In Vietnam. Jake tries to find A1 and discovers he had overdosed on pain killers. Jake quickly takes A1’s notebook and goes back into the past. This time when he enters the â€Å"Yellow Card Man† has committed suicide and his card is black. Jake waits out time until the JFK assassination. He falls In love with a librarian but the relationship does not last because Jake talks about this from the future and Sadie is unsettled about it. Jake then focuses full time on Oswald and rent an apartment right next to Oswald. After investigating Oswald Jake becomes reluctant to kill him early on. As a result of gambling on games and races he knew the outcome of Jake was beaten and suffers memory loss. Jake recovers his memory just in time for the JFK assassination. He and Sadie hurry to get to Oswald’s sniper nest and make it before the shooting. Jake prevents Oswald from killing JFK but enraged by this Oswald shoots at Jake but misses and kills Sadie. After hearing the gunshots the secret service fires at Oswald once ne returns ne sees tnat tne â€Å"Yellow cara Man† was replacea wltn a younger man and his card is now green. He reveals that he is a guardian of these time portals all around the universe. He explains that changing the past only creates another thread in time where events occur differently; the larger the changes the more nstable the reality is. He explains that the cards are there mental state and consciousness through the multiple time threads. Fearing the death of the Yellow Card Guardian the Green Card Guardian begs Jake to set things right. Upon returning to 2011 Jake discovers many Dramatic changes have taken place and he returns to the past to and goes back to the present to reset everything. A1’s diner is demolished and with it the portal as well. ‘V. Excerpt A. It was quarter past two in the morning, which meant it was actually the sixth of April. Still not too late. Not too late for what? To back off, to let well enough alone? Or bad enough, come to that? The idea of backing off was attractive, God knew. If I went ahead and things went wrong, this could be my last night with Sadie. Ever. Even if you do have to kill him, you don’t have to do it right away. † B. I think this excerpt is important because it shows how detailed the novel is in recreating the history of the JFK assassination and in the fictional parts as well. as well as it shows the behavior of the narrator Jake. It shows how obsessed he is with the mission to stop the ssassination and it not easily distracted. He puts much thought into each and every decision. In his decision to not kill Oswald sooner rather than later is a big mistake on his part and is caused by his over thinking every aspect of the mission. Jake will eventually be beaten and suffer memory loss and as a result be late to kill Oswald and as a result of that Sadie will die. V. Explain Project A. For my project I decided to complete project number 43 which was to research the author of the book I chose and present that information. It goes into detail on Stephen King’s life from early childhood days to modern times and explains how great of a writer he was. I featured some of his popular written works and notable awards in my research. VI. Why should the book be considered for selection A. I think the book 11/22/63 should be considered for selection because it is a very knowledgeable book. It explains about a time that mostly anyone alive during will remember where they were. It takes the events of the JFK assassination and puts a science fictional twist on them. Throughout the novel the details about the past are written in detail and allow the reader to learn about a real event while enjoying the thrill of a fictional novel. The abundance of pages might seem like a lot but it is a very good read therefore very much worth it. I found myself at times not able to put the book down because interesting events were almost always occurring. The novel also has a wide variety of high-level vocabulary words suitable for high school students. Therefore I believe that the book 11/22/63 should be considered for selection. How to cite John F. Kennedy and Yellow Card Man, Papers

Relationship of Chromium free essay sample

This paper investigates the relationship of chromium (Cry) mobility in soil with respect to pH performance using an electrochemical method. Experiments were conducted on kaolin, which prepared as a fully saturated soil sample spiked with chromium (Cry) In pompom concentration. A total of four different tests was conducted, and each of the tests is divided equally into two sample preparation. A DC power supply is used to achieve electric field strength of 5 V/CM and V/CM. The total duration of tests is six hours and the result as taken and recorded at every one hour. The pH value of the soil significantly affects the mobility of heavy metal ions. The mobility of chromium (Ill) In the soil using the electrochemical method was achieved by considering changes of pH values during experimental works. The pH values are slightly Increased at the Initial experiment, but then started to decrease after four hours for sample preparation 1 and after three hours for sample preparation 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship of Chromium or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The results showed that the increased experimental time induced a higher mobility of chromium in soil due to the changes in pH value. Key Words: chromium (Cry), electrochemical method, electrolysis process, mobility, pH value 1.For instance, its may enter the human body through food, water, air, or absorption through the skin when they come in contact with humans. With increasing of heavy metal contamination in the soil environment due to various human and natural activities, further contaminants will be affecting the ecosystems. Chromium is one type of heavy metals that usually contribute to the contaminated soil besides others such as lead, iron, zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium, arsenic, and uranium. There are elements, which can be harmful to people, animals and plants.Moreover, the effects of this contamination are often poorly understood because lack of knowledge about these hazards among people. This phenomenon may lead an increase of various problems to the unhealthy ecosystem. Therefore, there is a need to gain better understanding the behavior of chromium as well as the other heavy metals which may be risk associated with any contaminated sites. Electrochemical in soil is the moving of substance by applying an electric potential across the soil.This research will assess a basic electrochemical process as a attention method used to move chromium through the soil and then extract it from the soil or concentrate it in small volume soil, which can be more easily and economically to deal it. In this research, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship of chromium mobility in soil with respect to pH performance. It is hoped that these experiments will help to produce a proper extraction technique in order to reduce the number of soil contaminated sites, also provide further insight into electrochemical phenomena and the behavior of chromium in soil. . LITERATURE REVIEW Migration of contaminants into non contaminants sites as dust or lactate through the soil is the example of events that contribute towards contamination of our ecosystem. The migration of heavy metals contaminants may lead to increase the area of contaminated soils. Mobility of heavy metal, in particular, soil environment is an important factor assessing the risk posed by that site. Generally, the migration of the contaminants should be in a soluble form. If it not in a soluble, it needs to be desorbed, dissolved, or socialized into the pore solution before it can be adequately transported from the soil. The mobility of contaminants shows the process of migration of the contaminants (Reedy et al. , 1997). Several studies have been done on the extraction of heavy metal from be use for remediation at the contaminated sites. Stewart and West (1996) were done an investigation on the enhancement of electromagnetic remediation for arsenic (As) contaminated soils.In that study, Stewart and West (1996) founded that arsenic is typically immobile in agricultural soil, hence accumulates in the upper soil horizons. Thus, the regression analysis of pH, organic matter content, clay content, iron oxide intent, aluminum oxide content, and action exchange capacity versus arsenic (As) mobility was used in order to determine how each parameter affected the arsenic (As) mobility in soil (Stewart and West, 1996). It was founded that iron oxide content is the only soil characteristic significantly positively correlated with arsenic (As) mobility.In addition, Darned and Inspire (1997), have noticed that arsenic mobility is more dependent on liking exchange mechanisms, particularly with iron oxides than the pH-dependent dissolution precipitation reactions that regulate the movement of most other metals in the soil. Darned and Inspire (1997) found that arsenate (Sass) transport through sand containing free iron oxides was very slow at pH 4. 5 and 6. 5, and significantly more rapid at pH 8. 5. It was suggested that liming soil to increase the pH and promote metal precipitation to decrease metal mobility, may actually facilitate the movement of As (Darned and Inspire, 1997).

Western Civilization Role in the World Major Conflicts Essay Example Essay Example

Western Civilization Role in the World Major Conflicts Essay Example Paper Western Civilization Role in the World Major Conflicts Essay Introduction World has experienced several conflicts, of all the major conflicts none had changed the world more than the world wars and the cold war. Western civilization played a great role as far as these three conflicts in the twentieth century were concerned. These wars were mainly fought in Europe and Asia. The century experienced some of the worst conflicts in the history of mankind some of which changed the face of the world for a long time. The world powers fought each others in a battle of supremacy. Different powers stood for different ideologies where each wanted to override the other as far as world power was concerned. The period preceding the first world was characterized by major changes that took place in Europe. These changes affected all the aspects of life, economically, scientifically, socially among other areas. An industrial revolution had just been witnessed in Europe and was spreading to the other parts of the world. Many western nations had been involved in the manufactu re of sophisticated weapons in an attempt to protect themselves from their enemies. The First World War was by itself a show of might as far arms were concerned. The great nations took this chance to show of their technological development as well their military strength. It was during this war that Germany put to test some of the weapons that had been developed by its able military weapon technicians such as machine guns and deadly gases. On the other hand the British for the first time used tanks in the warfare. Both countries for the first time in the history of the warfare introduced new aircrafts to test their ability to be used in a major war. Politically alliances were being made by different Europeans power to safeguard their interests. One of the major alliances involved the Germans and the Austrians where they signed treaties creating the dual Alliance. This was to sideline Russia one of the western nations that was seen as a threat to advancement of Germany and its expans ionist ambitions. This alliance later came to incorporate the Italians who were major asset to the Germans as they fought alongside in group that came to be known as the Triple Alliance. (Stefan, B 2006) Western Civilization Role in the World Major Conflicts Essay Body Paragraphs The conflicts of the twentieth century especially the two world wars were mainly as a result of the ambitious plans by the German nation to expand its horizons occupying other nations and dominating them. They were aiming at imposing their rule on them and forcing these nations to adopt their ways. Russia was also interested in some parts of the continent, Austrian Hungary was busy trying to extend it power and in the process they were hiving parts of the Ottoman Empire something that did not go unchallenged. Each nation was busy trying to proof themselves to the rest; they were interested in dominating the continent. This competition was also extended to the other parts of the world especially regions where the European powers were interested in establishment of colonies. They could not agree on who should take which region. They were aiming at extending their power to these regions and at the same time introduce western civilization to areas that they considered backward. Western c ivilization factor did not stop at the end of the First World War, this concept continued to grow and shaping the face of the world. After the Great War nation did not stop at this point, they continued to fight for supremacy where other European nations were determined to punish Germany and her allies for the role they played in the great world war. The war had left one of the great civilizations in Europe heavily bruised such that one would have written it off. The nation was determined in its recovery program, they did everything possible to rise up and emerge as one of the most dominant power in Europe. (Stefan, B 2006) Adolf Hitler aim to make Germany the most powerful nation in Europe could have ignited another war that spread to other parts of the world and had very devastating effects than the Great War. Just like the first world nations were aiming at outdoing each other in terms of military power, economic and technological advancement. Again in the world history western c ivilization had led to another competition between different powers something which eventually led to a full scale war that touched every part of the world. The passive nature of the western powers at around this period allowed Germany to break most of the treaties that had been made to prevent another war. Britain was having problems at home such that whatever Hitler was doing as far as preparation for the war was concerned was not such a bother. Hitler continued to arm himself in preparing to expand his horizons making his country a powerful nation in Europe once more. He was determined to get this at all cost. Even with the end of the Second World War western civilization still strong, it was taking a new shape with the entrance of United States in the arena. A new form of conflict was emerging where two opposing ideologies were out to clash. On one side we had the communism which was threatening to dominate the world and on the other side we had the capitalism which was being pr opagated as part of the western culture. Soviet Union and other communist powers in the world were up against the capitalistic powers which were led by United States to a kind of welfare that has been described as cold war. This war lasted for a long period as compared to the other wars as it lasted up to the eighties when the communist powers collapsed. Germany just like in the previous wars was actively involved in this quiet warfare but in this time as a divided nation. One side of this nation, the western was inclined towards the capitalism world where the eastern part of Germany was controlled by the communist powers. (Bartlett, C (1977) The attempt to spread western civilization to the other regions and the competition that existed among the European powers led to the conflicts that had very devastating effects in the face of the world. Some of which changed the course of history and brought a new dispensation that have dominated the power circles in the world. These three con flicts brought both positive and negative effects to United States and the world at large. It is as a result of these wars that America emerged as one of the powerful nations on earth. Its might came to be recognized at the end of the world war when its intervention brought the conflict that had left Europe weary. (Bartlett, C 1977). One of the common effects of the three conflicts is the loss of lives and destruction of property. The great world war had millions of people from across the board losing their lives. This is not a small number given the world population at that time. Those who lost their lives included soldiers who were in the battlefields and civilians who were either involved in the war. Other people were killed by factors directly related to the war such as starvation and diseases which were as direct result of the war. Looking at the Second World War lives were lost too but in this case in great magnitude than in the First World War due to the level of technologica l advancement as far as weapons are concerned. The weapons used at this particular war were much destructive compared to those used in the previous war. This meant heavy casualties on both soldiers and civilians. It is estimated that close to fifty million people may have died in this war. This figure includes the casualties suffered after Japan was bombed by the United States using atomic bombs. Psychologically the effects of the world wars were similar to those of revolution in America. There was a growing sense of distrust towards political class and government officials among the people who witnessed the horror and destruction that accompanied the wars. Many people were not happy that the peacemakers had not expressed their sentiments to the fullest wondering why the war was allowed in the first place. To them it could have been avoided by all means. A feeling of disillusionment was felt across the globe as people came into conclusion that their governments were not interested i n serving them rather they were only after glory that comes with winning of a war. The loss of loved ones was disturbing to many families which were affected .The future of the families whose members were killed in the wars was not bright; they just accepted the reality grimly optimistic that their dreams will last. (Stewart, R 2003) Technology advancement was registered after the war especially on the military hardware. With the end of the First World War countries that participated engaged in military advancement each outdoing the other as far as manufacturing of the weapons was concerned. This also included technological advancement in other areas which did not involve weapons. For example production of automobiles, aircrafts, radios and other products was boosted. The advantage of mass production and use of machine in production stimulated the economies making them grow at a tremendous rate. After the end of the Second World War two super powers emerged, one would have expected that the two nations would work together to foster world peace but the two nations became hostile to each other. Each one of them started building up huge arsenals and strong ballistic missles.The two super powers were suspicious of each other. They were competing with each other as far as world power was concerned. This situation prevailed for so long such that there was a fear of a third world war erupting. This war had some effects on both countries and the world at large. One of the major effect was the collapse of Soviet Union something that marked the end of an ideology that was being spread by this mighty nation. With the collapse of Soviet Union other communist nations were not very strong to advance its course therefore the system came to an end with the death of the union. (Powaski, R 1998) Germany as a nation was once again united, ending a hostile period that characterized a former European power. Other Baltic states that were part of the Soviet Union achieved their inde pendence and became autonomous nations. With the collapse of communism and Soviet Union America was left as the only super power in the world. This meant that the competition that ensued between the two nations in the dominance of the world was no more. This gave America chance to concentrate on other issues of importance since the threat of invasion by Soviet Union was no more. Western civilization can largely be blamed for all the major conflicts that have happened in the world. Forcing their ideals on other coupled with the competition for power among the nations has resulted to the first two major conflicts. The third conflict was mainly suspicion between east and west. The two sides could not trust each other; they were trying to spread ideologies across the world with each trying to out do the other. The two super powers were just advancing the concepts of the western civilization in different ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Western Civilization Role in the World Major Conflicts Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Western Civilization Role in the World Major Conflicts Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Western Civilization Role in the World Major Conflicts Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Dictionary of Old Occupations and Trades

Dictionary of Old Occupations and Trades If you found someones occupation listed as a ripper  (seller of fish),  seinter (girdle maker), hosteler (innkeeper) or pettifogger (shyster lawyer), would you know what it meant?  The world of work has changed greatly from the times of our ancestors, causing many occupational names and terms to fall into disuse.   Ancestral Occupations If someone was a boniface or a gennaker, then they were an innkeeper. A peruker, or peruke maker, was someone who made wigs. And just because an individual was identified as a snob or snobscat, doesnt mean he was condescending. He may have been a cobbler or someone who repaired shoes. A vulcan not only refers to a  fictional extraterrestrial humanoid species in the Star Trek franchise but is also a traditional English term for a blacksmith. To further confuse the issue, some occupational terms had multiple meanings. Someone who worked as a chandler could be someone who made or sold tallow or wax candles, or soap, or they might be  a retail dealer  in provisions and supplies or equipment of a specified kind. Ships chandlers, for example, specialized in supplies  or equipment for ships, known as ships stores. Another reason you may not recognize a particular occupation is that abbreviations are and were commonly used in many records and documents. City directories, for example, often abbreviated occupations of city residents in an effort to save space and cut publication costs. A guide to the abbreviations can generally be found among the first few pages of the directory. It is also common to find certain longer occupational names abbreviated in census records, due to limited space on the census form. The instructions to enumerators for the U.S. federal census often provided specific instructions as to if or how occupations should be abbreviated. The 1900 census instructions, for example, state The space in column 19 is somewhat narrow, and it may be necessary to use the following abbreviations (but no others), followed by a list of acceptable abbreviations for twenty common occupations. Enumerator instructions in other countries may provide similar information, such as instructions to enumerators for the 1841 census of England and Wales. Why does it matter what work that our ancestors chose for their livelihood? As it still is today, the occupation is often an important part of who we are as individuals. Learning about the occupations of our ancestors can provide insight into their daily lives, social status, and possibly even the origin of our family surname. Including details of old or unusual occupations can also add a touch of spice to written family history. Resources Cant find what youre looking for? Additional sources for old and obsolete occupations and trades: Halls Genealogy Website - Old Occupation NamesSome of the definitions include in-depth information and interesting details.SteveMorse.org - Occupation Codes from the 1910–1940 U.S. CensusCant decipher an occupation from a 20th century U.S. census? Look for the code and then use the files provided by Steve Morse to connect the dots.Family Tree Researcher - Dictionary of Old OccupationsJane has an extensive list of unusual, old occupations on her website or, for a few dollars, you can purchase an easy reference ebook version.

Importance of Human Rights Watch Group Assignment

Importance of Human Rights Watch Group - Assignment Example This article analyzes why this team has been effective and what managers can learn from the human rights watch group. The organization with its headquarters in New York has branches in different countries around the globe. It has employed experts from different fields such as journalism, law and others who work in ensuring that rights of people are upheld. The different experts add their skills as team players and this ensures success in the programs that the organization develops. Because of the unity of purpose of members of the team despite being from different countries, the organization is able to achieve major developments in safeguarding people’s rights. The organization relies on finances donated by people. It has so far developed effective programs that fight the violation of rights such as children rights as it fights against child labor. It has also sought to fight for the rights of minority groups such as gay rights, rights of people living with HIV/ AIDS and women rights. Because the organization fights against rights violations, it has had opposition from the different government. Nevertheless, the activities of the human right watch have been very instrumental in the development of policies that ensure people enjoy their freedom and human rights (Human Rights Watch 2009). The group has contributed greatly to the elimination of capital punishment around the globe. What managers can learn from this team is that cohesion and unity of purpose are important ensuring the success of a team. Although a company may have different goals that it needs to achieve, it should group them and prioritize the most important one. The Human Rights Watch has divided its activities into different programs. This division ensures that focus is directed to one activity and this avoids confusions and improves efficiency. Moreover, it is  crucial for a business to employ experts in the different field as a way of increasing efficiency. The Human Rights Watch can owe its success form having a pool of experts from the different field that offer the best advice (Human Rights Watch 2001).  

Personal Income Tax and Revenue Forecasting Assignment - 1

Personal Income Tax and Revenue Forecasting - Assignment Example The lower tax rates are expected to stimulate economic activity and to encourage business to move from the shadow to the official (taxpaying) economy, so some of the revenue loss will ultimately be recovered. The Ministry of Finance forecasts collections of 7,789,000 markka (MK) for 2001. Data on tax collections are reported on the following page. Based on the information provided, the ministry definitely needs to revise its 2001 forecast. This is because the pace of tax revenue being collected is not coinciding with its revenue forecasting, which is 7.8 million markka. Basically, at its best point, the tax revenue averaged about 1.2 million markka, at the end of 1999 and 2000. However, the data in 2001 shows a significant drop compared with the past three previous years when tax revenues were compared. This means that it will probably take about 20 more years or so until tax revenue reaches 7.8 million markka, because if it took 3 years to get to 1.2 million in revenue—one multiples 3 by 7 and one gets the number of approximately 21 years to create that amount of revenue. Of course, revenue could increase exponentially in years to come, thus making the target goal of 21 years achieved in a faster time period. However, the important point to remember is that there are several factors that go into how such data is arrived at in the first place. So, supposing that Vardar’s markka strengthens as time goes on and that more people are able to pay taxes due to the economy being stimulated and people being freed up to make more money—it is entirely possible that the economy will grow significantly before the 21-year window of economic growth is due. It depends on if people can get the jobs to provide for their families and support the economy. What factors might influence the patterns seen in the data include a variety of things. In former Soviet

BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY (GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK) Research Paper

BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY (GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK) - Research Paper Example The Blue Ridge Parkway is a carefully designed landscape that has been set in a narrow corridor of a protected land estimated to be about 88,000 acres (Whisnant 2). As the name suggests, it is a way through a park with boundaries surrounding the entire landscape designed to present and protect the Pathway. The park is owned and managed by the National Park Service system of the American public and is also the key component of the larger southern Appalachian park complex. The Blue Ridge Parkway is known to be an America’s most favorite drive that spans over 400 miles from Shenandoah Valley in Virginia to the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina (Karen 2). It is the second most visited National Park Services unit and annually welcomes over one million visitors (Reco 2). The park connects Shenandoah National Park in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Cherokee. It I also fed all round by several exits and entrances at all major federal and state highways extending even to towns and communities surrounding the region. Along the Blue Bridge Parkway are major cities like Boone, Asheville, NC, Roanoke, and VA. From its time of construction, the park still evolves through a dynamic increase of relationships in different facets. For instance, there is a continuous change in the landowners, the surrounding communities, and the public (Whisnant 2). Winding its way through 12 Virginia and 17 North California counties, it is characterized by beautiful and uncountable Appalachian landscapes. It is also surrounded by numerous communities with a profound impact on their social, economic, and cultures. The construction of the Pathway was a product of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Great Depression’s New Deal Programs to provide employment to the people to boost the economy of the United States. As the primary

History Of The Revolt Of 1857 History Essay

History Of The Revolt Of 1857 History Essay Took place in Meerut, was one of the most important events that occurred in the historical background of South Asia. It was commonly known as the Sepoy Rebellion. It was mainly important due to the fact that it was a very first attempt to gaining independence of India by all means of going against the British rule directed by the British East India Company. There are several different factors that led to the convergence of this revolt which include: Dalhousies annexation of Awadh in 1856, role of the greased cartridges of rifles, the siege of Kanpur, the dissatisfaction of Indian civilians towards the British economic and social policies over many decades, and the aftermath of the revolutionary uprising. Before the revolt had even begun, there was a wide selection criteria of recruitment of sepoys based on caste and experience. In 1772, Warren Hastings was appointed the first Governor-General of the East India Companys Indian territories, with a task of setting up ordered system of government in British India. One of his first undertakings was expansion of companys army base. This move was taken to support establishment of strong and permanent civil administrative functioning throughout Indian subcontinent (Metcalf M, 56). The Company heavily recruited Indian soldiers in the army. The recruited Indian army man sepoy was a mix of men from Hindu and Muslim societies. Hastings insisted on recruiting soldiers from higher Hindu castes, like Rajputs and Brahmins, and rejected those who had served Nawab as unreliable. The Company also adopted military practices to accommodate cast and religious customs of Indian soldiers to avoid any social grievance amongst them. This high cast ritual sta tus left government vulnerable to protests, whenever sepoys detected the infringement of their rights and social and religious customs (Metcalf M, 61). The sepoys showed signs of dissatisfaction throughout the first half of nineteenth century over British Company carelessly adding new provocations, such as the passage of General Services Enlistment Act of 1856, which required soldiers to undertake to serve abroad after the refusal of units to fight Burma. The afghan debacle of 1842 had also led the company to widen the circle of caste and regional groups from which they recruited in to the Bengal army. This new recruitment policy was disliked by the Rajputs and Brahmans who were the only people initially recruited in Bengal army (Bose Jalal, 70-71) The next focus of the revolt was Dalhousies annexation of Awadh in 1856. This important event caused a political and economic conflicts and lead directly to the mutiny and rebellion the very next year in 1857. The reason for this is because no questions were asked about the lack of heirs since the nawab ruler was simply accused of misgovernment and the state was finally annexed against his will. The transfer of power over the nawabs protests offended the Muslim reputation. Tax collectors who were called taluqdars, peasants, and artisans also participated in the revolt in order to collapse the newly installed British administration in the residency of Lucknow which was the same place where the downfall of nawab was planned (BoseJalal, 72). The British camps panicked as they found out that there could be a possible end to their rule on the hundredth anniversary of Plassey (BoseJalal, 72). In addition, this event had an effect on the British armys role of religion because faith could no t divide the Indian army rebellions. Their common cause was the anti-colonial, patriotic, and Mughal ruler as proclaimed their true sovereign of the heterogeneously constituted group. Muslims and Hindus mutually participated in the revolt and both used religious rhetoric towards wider mobilization, yet religious identities were part of multiple identities which separated caste, jati, language, and tribal class. Awadhs annexation resulted in loss of honor and prestige for regional superior groups especially upper caste sepoys. On the 10 May 1857, sepoys of Meerut heavily protested British officers for introducing new Enfield rifles. These rifles were introduced because it was more accurate and effective then the old rifles being used. The rumor spread among the soldiers that cartridge made for this new rifles were packed in mixture of beef and pork fat, and cover of those cartridge had to be bitten off prior to loading (Schmidt, 72). Such mixture of fat was offensive to both Hindus and Muslims. Eighty-five of the Indian soldiers were brutally punished for refusing the use of these new cartridges. After this even Indian soldiers were getting confident with their belief that British company is trying to destroy their religion and society before forcing their conversion to Christianity. On a night after eighty-five of the sepoys sentenced to imprisonment, the sepoy cantonment based in Meerut massacred the English residents of town and marched towards Delhi to start war against British under the leadership of Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah (Metcalf M, 101). The Seige of Kanpur is another key episode in the Indian rebellion of 1857. After the rebellious sepoys left Meerut, where they initially started the mutiny, they marched down to Delhi next in order to convince a weak Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II who was ineffective and had no power, in order to assist them against the British (Schmidt 72); However, news of the rebellion spread throughout the central gangetic plains, central and eastern India and similar rebellion outburst amongst the sepoys at Kanpur. Unfortunately, nothing seemed to work at the end since the group lacked unity and went to different leaders for help. The besieged British in Kanpur were not prepared for an extended siege and surrendered to rebel Indian forces under Nana Sahib in return for a safe passage to Allahabad. The evacuation from Kanpur was quite violent when it turned into a battle. Those captured were executed as an East India Company rescue force. British women and children were killed in Kanpur and bel ow 200 rebels were slaughtered in Lucknow. British forces made violent retaliatory attacks against the rebellions and civilians after the recapture of Kanpur and the sepoys in the Kanpur siege were taken to the Memorial and forced to lick blood stains off its floor and walls. Overall, the dissatisfaction of Indian civilians over British social and economic policies leads to the revolt due to a response to multiple grievances. One of the important grievances of all was the singling out of religious communities leading to breaks in unity between Hindus and Muslims. The revolt was taken as a holy war even by some sections of Muslims (Bose Jalal, 74). The revolt was also an infused sense of patrionism for the people of their country, if not nationalism (Bose Jalal, 73). However, the British were singling out the religious communities and attempting to break the unity. Hindus and Muslims felt the necessity to build and preserve Muslim and Hindu community. Even the Muslim leaders were aware of a possible separation between the Hindus and Muslims by the foreigners. Therefore, Muslim and Hindu leaders held meetings in order to bring back unity for the same goal of independence. Both communities had realized how colonial rule was identified as the common problem and how the independence was necessary so they had to fight for their rights in order to save their own nation. Other grievances included the severity of revenue assessments in which new revenue systems also lead to the sudden loss of their lands which was forced by landlords into poverty (Schmidt, 72) and the demeaning of princely and landed elites such as the nawab downfall of Awadh. The reason for this revenue issue was because the farmers were not able to meet their debt due to higher taxations imposed on them by the British resulting in the landlords loss. Lastly, the British social policies angered many Indians. This included the abolition of female infanticide, thuggee, and sati (Schmidt, 72). The aftermath of the 1857 revolt resulted in a reaction against British racial arrogance which was a key feature of the mid-Victorian era (Bose Jalal, 76). The British had won in 1858; however it was not without long-term effects because Company rule in India was replaced by Crown rule in which the parliament assumed full control over the British Indian Affairs (Schmidt, 72). The rebellion itself only served to harden the lines of racial hatred. There was brutality coming from both sides. However, the rebellion faced capital punishment for the killings of British women and children. Although most were hanged, thousands were strapped and blown up in front of cannons. Even after the war had ended, the mental and psychological wounds of it did not. The revolt impacted the governance infrastructures because the taxation system was remade in order to restore the finances of the Indian administration. For example, income tax was imposed on wealthier urban groups for the first time. Finally, the revolutionary uprising of 1857 was a movement which portrayed Indias patriotism and unity. The Sepoy Rebellion changed the shape of the British empire in ways which may have had helped their attitude through the actual Independence of India in 1947. The unique characteristics of this revolt involved resistance, intensity, and the development to a certain degree. The aftermath of the revolt brought beneficial reforms into the country of South Asia. Indias first determination in the Revolt of 1857 to fight for their freedom even after Indias loss against British rule remains the most memorable movement of South Asian history.

Alcoholism :: essays research papers

The following essay will introduce you to pros and cons of drinking. It will also give you a clear understanding in why you shouldn’t drink alcohol. Alcohol is a depressant; it impairs your ability to drive, slows down your reaction time and causes you to make some risky decisions that you wouldn’t normally take. This essay will also help you comprehend how and why things happen, because of alcohol. Alcoholism can kill in many different ways, and in general, people who drink regularly have a higher rate of deaths from injury, violence, and some cancers. The earlier a person begins drinking heavily, the greater their chance of developing serious illnesses later on. Any protection that occurs with moderate alcohol intake appears to be confined to adults over 60 who have risks for heart disease. Adults who drink moderately (about one drink a day) have a lower mortality rate than their non-drinking peers, their risk for untimely death increases with heavier drinking. Alcohol may not cause cancer, but it probably does increase the carcinogenic effects of other substances, such as cigarette smoke. Daily drinking increases the risk for lung, gastric, pancreatic, colorectal, urinary tract, liver, brain cancers, and leukemia. About 75% of cancers of the esophagus and 50% of cancers of the mouth, and throat are attributed to alcoholism. (Wine appears to pose less danger for these cancers than beer or hard liquor.) Smoking combined with drinking enhances risks for most of these cancers dramatically. When women consume as little as one drink a day, they may increase their chances of breast cancer by as much as 30%. In the liver, alcohol converts to an even more toxic substance, which can cause substantial damage. Not eating when drinking and consuming a variety of alcoholic beverages are also factors that increase the risk for liver damage. People with alcoholism are also at higher risk for hepatitis B and C, potentially chronic liver diseases than can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. People with alcoholism should be immunized against hepatitis B; they may need a higher-than-normal dose of the vaccine for it to be effective. Alcohol has widespread effects on the brain. The use of alcohol, however, eventually produces depression and confusion. In chronic cases, alcoholism can lead to mental disturbances. Alcohol can also cause milder problems, including headaches (especially after drinking red wine). Except in severe cases, the damage is not permanent and abstinence nearly always leads to recovery of normal mental function.

Film Critique, Why Did I Get Married 2

Why Did I Get Married? Efrem Terrell ENG 225 Intro to Film Professor Nelly Aguilar April 22, 2012 Why Did I Get Married Released in 2007 by Lions Gate Entertainment Corporation, the film Why Did I Get Married? is a comedy and drama that was written, produced, and directed by screen and playwright, Tyler Perry. Depicting the trials and tribulations of marriage, Why Did I Get Married? Was a hit at the box office earning $55,862,886 worldwide (Perry, 2007). Along with several other films and stage productions written and directed by Tyler Perry, the success of Why Did I Get Married? ay be credited to Perry’s expertise in film directing, digital musical selections, and humorous dialogue, along with the film’s dramatic, yet therapeutic storyline on how to sustain a healthy marriage and maintain lifelong friendships. As the director of Why Did I Get Married? , Tyler Perry utilizes incongruous editing in order to establish a central theme for the movie by allowing the audience to get to know each character and establish a theatrical connection with them.As each main character is introduced, Perry jumps around in time displaying each character acting out dramatic and humorous scenes that revealed their true personalities, relationships with the other characters in the film, along with their roles in the movie. While most writers subtly introduce their characters to the audience, movie critics argue that this is an area in Perry’s writing that needs strengthening. According to freelance writer and movie critic, Eric D. Snider (2012), in the film Why Did I Get Married? Tyler Perry’s characters blatantly announce expository dialogue such as, â€Å"I am a Pediatrician,† â€Å"You have control issues,† and â€Å"You could lose about fifty pounds, then I might be somewhat attracted to you. † Movie critics believe that stronger writing would reveal this information without the characters declaring it (Snider, 2012). While direc tors carefully select the best scenes for their movies, they also spend a great deal of time selecting the best soundtrack. Digital musical selections graced the original soundtrack for the film, Why Did I Get Married?.R&B ballads that referenced love, relationships, break-ups, and heart-ache drove the central them of the movie which focuses on the ups and downs of marriage and friendships. Each song from the soundtrack played throughout the movie, helping to tell the story of the film, and draw the audience in by shaping the characters with tempo, range, pitch, and melody. The cinematography for the film, Why Did I Get Married? was performed by Toyomichi Kurita (â€Å"Tyler Perry’s Why Did I Get Married, 2012). Kurita creates strong moods and feelings throughout the film with the use of camera shots, movement, and lighting.Scenes throughout the film are solid and clear creating a natural illusion of the set and atmosphere. The audience is able to relate to the emotions of t he characters due to the imagery created by Kurita’s strong cinematography skills. Scenes throughout the film flowed seamlessly, displaying vibrant lighting, while establishing a strong connection between the audience and the film. Editing provided by Maysie Hoy appeared flawless throughout the film. There was strong cohesion among characters as they appeared to have all been filmed at the same place at the same time.The transitions between scenes throughout the film created a natural setting and a feeling as though the viewers were traveling along on the same journey with the characters as the moved from place to place (Perry, 2007). The storyline of the film Why Did I Get Married? centers around the day-to-day struggles of maintaining solid relationships, successful careers, and strong friendships. In order to resolve marital problems, four married couples, who are old college friends, attended an annual retreat in the cold, wintery mountains of Colorado.While the vacation was intended for married couples only, one of the wives decided to bring along an attractive and single female friend by the name of Trina. Throughout the week-long retreat, damaging secrets are revealed that puts each couple in the position to question their own marital relationships along with their friendships with the other couples. As bouts of infidelity come to light, it is also revealed that the single and seductive Miss Trina has been having an affair with the husband of the woman that referred to her as a friend and invited her to the retreat.The film explores the emotional distress that infidelity, lust, and love may weigh upon a marriage. Continuous battles with issues of commitment, betrayal, and forgiveness force each character in the film to evaluate their lives as individuals and as committed couples (Snider, 2007). Patricia (Janet Jackson) is a highly regarded and very famous psychiatrist. Her book about marriage has just won a very prestigious award. Still, a traged y in her past has driven a wedge into her marriage to architect Gavin (Malik Yoba).Things aren’t much better with said pals; Angela (Tasha Smith) is a loudmouth drunk constantly denigrating her struggling husband Marcus (Michael Jai White). Diana (Sharon Leal) is a driven attorney. Having just made partner, she can’t find time for her young daughter, or depressed spouse (Perry). But the worst situation exists between Shelia (Jill Scott) and Mike (Richard T. Jones). He is constantly calling her fat. He’s also cheating on her with best friend Trina (Denis Boutte). When the group gets together for their annual vacation, everyone is on edge.Soon secrets will be revealed, leaving everyone wondering about the state of their relationship (Perry, 2007). The recurring theme that is raised in Tyler Perry’s film Why Did I Get Married? Is â€Å"Can These Marriages Survive? † The infidelity of two husbands leads to the discussion of the â€Å"80/20 Rule. † The rule simply implies that within a marriage, most people only receive eighty-percent of what they want and need from their partners, leading them to go outside of their relationship in an effort to find what they think they are missing.Usually, it’s not until the spouse has stepped out the relationship that they realize that now only twenty-percent of their needs are being met. At this point, they have left their eighty for their twenty, which is a significant downgrade. Watching a Tyler Perry movie is a strange and ecstatic experience, Perry’s desire for shenanigans, inanity and heightened emotions always makes for an entertaining evening, but his films are in a strange in-between space: between melodrama and traditional drama, between lternative cinema and Hollywood style, and between black authenticity and pure elitism. Through it all, what vexes film scholars especially critics, is how style, content, auteurism and culture clash and miss each other in Tyler P erry’s films. Still Perry is one of a handful of black filmmakers- including Antoine Fuqua, John Singleton, Spike Lee, and Lee Daniels, whom can all actually raise money for wide release films. Perry films are primarily ways to talk about black progress and authenticity in a â€Å"post-racial† world, and they absorb all the baggage involved in that project.They are moral tales about maintaining traditional family structures (including, usually, men at the head), the importance of the church and elders, even at the exclusion of gays, and not always, though sometimes, of others: like loose and lost women, drug users etc (Snider, 2007). As of November 1, 2007, on the review Aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 46% of the critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 33 reviews. On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 54 out of 100 based on 12 reviews.Paul Grenada said that while â€Å"there are times where the script seems stiff, it teaches without hammering, and you l eave the movie feeling good about what you saw. † Giving the movie a B-, Entertainment Weekly said that Perry is of the â€Å"spell-everything-in-capital-letters and act-it-out-loudly schools,† but added that â€Å"one performance glistens—Jill Scott’s as the sad, heavyset Shelia, who locates the faith that’s the source of love. † Time magazine gave the film a B and called it the â€Å"usual artless mix of broad comedy, teary confessions and spiritual uplift. † In the opening weekend, the film grossed $21. million in 3,105 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #1 at the box office. In the second weekend, the film slipped to #2 in the box office charts, with a gross of $12. 1 million, bringing the 10-day total to over $38 million. In total, the film domestically grossed $55,862,886 (Gleiberman, 2007). The awards and nominations that the Tyler Perry’s film â€Å"Why Did I Get Married† received were from the Imag e Awards, it was nominated for Outstanding Motion Picture, Jill Scott who played Shelia in the film was nominated for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture, TylerPerry himself was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture, and then there’s Janet Jackson whom won the Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture. The issue of matrimony is not a new one to Tyler Perry, almost all of his efforts, both for the stage and screen, have focused on relationships growing, struggling, dissolving, or playing out their post-breakup end games. The decision to create a single overview on the subject seems unnecessary at best. Yet Perry is nothing if not knowledgeable, especially when it comes to his audience.He clearly understands that, even though he’s offering the same old stories, they can’t get enough of the way he tells them. For his film adaptation of the couple’s comedy why did I Get Married? He may have altered the ver y purpose of his otherwise amicable preaching. But at this point in Perry’s career his ability to sell movie tickets in spite of poor critical reception is no surprise, the actor, author, and filmmaker has gone from promoting his own plays to becoming a full-fledged brand, one that, although created outside of the Hollywood machine, is causing some industry people to take notice (Gleiberman 2007).The film is filled with tears, laughter, and shocking disappointments as friends are betrayed and relationships fall apart due to the foibles of marriage. Have you taken a good look at your marriage lately? Is your marriage what you thought it would be? Have you had to deal with issues of commitment or betrayal or forgiveness? Is there a time when you seriously considered whether or not to stay with your spouse? Over the years, have you had to figure out a way to maintain true love and a solid relationship even during difficult times?And during the rough patches, have you ever secret ly asked yourself the question: â€Å"Why Did I Get married? † Why Did I Get Married is one of Tyler Perry’s greatest films yet; leaving some members of the audience filled with emotions as they wonder to themselves, â€Å"Why did I get married? †, while others question, â€Å"Should I stay married? † REFERENCES Gleiberman, Owen (October 26, 2007), â€Å"Tyler Perry’s Why Did I Get Married? † Retrieved from Entertainment Weekly (961):51Snider, E. (2007). Why Did I Get Married?. Retrieved April 8, 2012, from http://www. ericdsnider. com/movies/why-did-i-get-married/ Tyler Perry’s Why Did I Get Married?. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 6, 2012, from http://boxofficemojo. com/movies/? id=whydidigetmarried. htm Tyler Perry’s Why Did I Get Married? : Plot Summary and Details. Moviefone. Retrieved April 6, 2012, from http://www. moviefone. com/movie/tyler-perrys-why-did-i-get-married/29300/synopsis

How to write a superb 5 paragraph essay

How to write a superb 5 paragraph essay Five paragraph essay Professional writers do not use the classic 5 paragraph essay structure as often as the students do. Indeed, writing a 5 paragraph essay is a usual task assigned by professors to check the student`s ability to analyze a particular issue and develop the ideas logically. Being an average student, you cannot avoid writing such an assignment. However, you can perform it successfully following the simple rules. This article aims to provide you with the most effective essay writing tips that will help you to get the highest grades. Not surprisingly, such an assignment has five paragraphs:The introduction: The first body paragraph; The second body paragraph; The third body paragraph; The conclusion.If you find this structure difficult, be sure to write a simple 5 paragraph essay outline, and it will facilitate your writing. Let us have a look at each paragraph more closely and explain how to write a 5 paragraph essay.The Introduction The introduction aims to provide the reader with the general discussion of the subject, which will lead to creating a specific thesis statement. A skilled student will always start his essay with the so-called grabber a catching, challenging and thought-provoking claim that will catch the reader`s attention. The main writer`s argument should be expressed in a thesis statement. Many students mistakenly believe that the thesis statement is some general sentence that relates to the topic. However, a thesis statement is the main idea of the essay narrowed to one-two sentences. It is a very important element of your essay since the entire paper should be written in accordance with the thesis statement, and all the topic sentences should be related to it. For example, if the paper is about gun control, you can start your writing with the brief overview of the problem, why this issue is important in present-day society, etc. The thesis statement should claim your idea do you support or do you oppose this problem and why. Also, your introduction should include the grabber some fact that makes you think about this problem more closely. The Main Body Paragraphs You have to divide your essay into several paragraphs. Please, remember that one paragraph should develop only one idea. You do not have to jump from one idea to another since it will cause a mess in the heads of your readers, and they fill find your paper difficult to follow. Also, be sure to start writing each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that will express the main idea of the paragraph. Your main body paragraphs should include the arguments and evidence. Do not hesitate to include in-text citations if needed. If you write about gun control, be sure to include the recent statistics and the experts` opinions. It would be great if you could analyze the controversy over this issue and explain which point is correct. Your body paragraphs should be closely connected with each other with the help of transitions. In an academic essay, transitions serve as the glue that keeps all your ideas together. They will make your essay easy to read and your key ideas easy to follow. The tra nsitions are particularly important when writing the introduction and conclusion. Such transition words as in addition, moreover, what is more, on the contrary, comparatively, indeed, to summarize, and many others will make your writing smooth and coherent. You can also find a good 5 paragraph essay template available online and learn how to write a perfect essay. Conclusion Your conclusion is not only simple restatement of the ideas expressed in your essay. It should demonstrate the reader that you have achieved your goal. Feel free to emphasize the importance of your research. Your conclusion should not contain brand new information or citations. However, you can finish your essay with some thought-provoking idea that will leave the great impression in the reader`s memory. When your 5 paragraph essay is written, do not forget to proofread it and submit on time. We assure you that in the academic world, the delicate and creative approach towards writing 5 paragraph essays is the key to success! 5 paragraph essay outline template

Tina Webber Essays - Culture, Language, Language Acquisition

Tina Webber Essays - Culture, Language, Language Acquisition Tina Webber Professor Clancy English 122 13 October , 2016 Mother Tongue Amy Tan I think the main point Amy Tan is trying to make in "A Mother's Tongue" is that words are more than just words. S ometimes you have to look behind them and read in between to understand the true meaning. For example, her mother did not speak perfect English, but the points and ideas she was trying to get across are what really were important. Not all people who speak the English language speak it the same way. A language can be subdivided into any number of dialects which each vary in some way from the parent English language. Mother Tongue, is an article based on the power of language. W ithout standard language skills, one is identified as an outsider, often wrongly perceived and unfairly discriminated against. After reading Mother Tongue, my belief of not judging or putting someone down because of the way they speak is stronger than ever. I am reminded of those times , growing up, when others would say something bad about my friends just because they couldn't express their thoughts and feelings due to their limited language skills. I had many foreign born friends growing up, and I became their interpreter at times, as I understood the words they were trying to say when others did not. Using simple English; the author wants to share a message with those who don't speak the language well, the message being "their point of view is still important". Identification with and acceptance in a community is not the only result of language acquisition. Chiefly, she distinguishes between the simple form of English she speaks with her family and the more complex version of the language she uses in her personal life. "You should know that my mother' s expressive command of English belies how much she actually understands. She reads the Forbes report, listens to Wall Street Week, converses daily with her stockbroker, reads Shirley MacLaine' s book s with easeall kinds of things I can't begin to understand. " Though there was a time when Tan was embarrassed by her mother's English, she now sees things from a different perspective. She writes, "my mother's English is perfectly clear. It's my mother tongue. Her language, as I hear it, is vivid, direct, full of observation and imagery. That was the language that helped shape the way I saw things, expressed things, made sense of the world" (Tan, 21). It is also clear that Tan's own mother helped her understand English in a different, unique way, and that is the language she uses today. Blocking out the critics, she knew it was important when her mother approved her book by saying "So easy to read" Language is many things: the arrangement of words in a particular order, uttered in a certain way, denoting a certain meaning; it is a political instrument which evokes images and motion. At its most fundamental, however, language is quite simply the expression of self and the ability to share that expression with others. The language that she once perceived as inferior, sub-standard, or broken, she now views as intimate, special, and representative of her mother's beautiful and insightful expression of herself and view of the world, which Mrs. Tan, in turn, taught her da ughter. Her point is well taken. Do we not all speak our own different English's, calling upon them as the occasion and audience direct? Certainly, the language I call upon in a meeting with the president of the company I work for differs from the language that I use with my colleagues, which is different from the language I speak with my friends or family, which differs from the language I use with my nephews. It may be a matter of word choice or intonation or slang or content or purpose, but each is a different part of myself and my world. The learning of one's mother tongue will provide an individual the right to study their culture and will also preserve family bonds and lessen cultural conflicts between generations. In the short story, "Mother Tongue", Amy Tan takes apart the different ways English is used

Global Warming In Ohio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Warming In Ohio - Essay Example Global Warming In Ohio Carbon pollution is seen to be one of the greatest contributors to the issue of global warming. It has been observed that the single major source of this pollution are the power plants that use coal as a fuel to produce energy. Not only that, but statistics have shown that the state of Ohio has a share of 20 percent among the carbon polluters in the United States ("Blade"). The major dilemma of the community is that even though this piece of information is now a widespread fact, there is no imposition of any sort of federal limits on the rate and quality of the emissions from these power plants. For many years, the government has been unwilling or rather said to be least bothered about implementing any kinds of measures that would help in solving this issue. With the increase in the population and hence, the demand of fuel in both commercial and domestic sectors, coal power stations continue to spring up every now and then all across the state. This coupled with the government’s ignorance simply happens to add fuel to the fire of global warming. Any guidelines or standard measures proposed by organizations dedicated towards protecting the environment have more or less been ignored up till now. Little has been made out of those that have been considered worthy enough to act upon since the rate of pollution is much higher than their capacity to deal with.

Developing Appropriate Training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Developing Appropriate Training - Essay Example The importance of training in modern organizational setup can be realized from the fact that all the organizations, whether small or large, allocate a considerable percentage of their annual budget for the purpose of training and development, realizing its contribution in making their business processes more effective and efficient. As the scenario indicates, the staff working in the organization keeps on ignoring the instructions given by Jim Delaney, the president of Apex Doors. They always try to do the task their own way and ignore their president's instructions that aim to make the business processes more effective and efficient. As a result of this, the organization has to face a number of problems. The first one as highlighted by this scenario is the non synchronous working. This also results in the development of the product different from the one desired. Moreover, failing to follow the guidelines of design department, an additional cost on each unit produced is also an additional burden to the organization, reducing their profit margin. The scenario further reveals that there are a number of loopholes in the training process of the organization. For example, the job descriptions are, in most cases, missing, the training manuals simply do not exist, there are no formal procedures of training the new inductees etc. ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM After a thorough analysis of the situation, the main problem that is identified is lack of proper training. The proper training processes in the organizations should be organized in order to bridge the gap between what the President wants his staff to do and what the staff currently does. What actually Jim wants in this case is to impart the organizational culture and the best practices of the organization to the staff of the organization, especially the new inductees, so that a consistency can be ensures across all the departments, across different periods of time and regardless of the fact that who is working and who is leaving. The training will therefore help in achieving these objectives. Although, there does exist a so-called 'training' system in the organization, yet it is not very effective on account of its number of weaknesses. First of all: There are no training manuals The process of handing over is not so well No fixed procedure for the training of the new Inductees No Job Description available OVERVIEW OF INTERVENTION The recommended solution to this problem is as follows: Introduce a formal and organized training program for new inductees, which every new inductee should undergo. Develop a training manual for each of the designation Provide separate skill-based training to all the employees, according to their jobs Provide a combined training related to the specific organizational culture of the organization. Develop a job description which also clearly states the relation of their task to other departments Introduce the concepts of knowledge management. This means that the best practices should remain in the organization, even if the practitioner of those best practices leaves the organization. This can be done by storing those best practi

College is worthy or not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

College is worthy or not - Essay Example Education is costly and the cost of education has been rising against an almost constant after college salary. Rationally, evading unnecessary education should reduce cost and hence increase social wellbeing of citizens and it’s on these basis that critics of college education base their argument. The increasing demand for education is responsible for the increase in cost and it’s expected that wages reduce as more people enter the job market. Factually, increase in population is responsible for influx in demand for college education and hence so long as population rises, rising college fees is inevitable and reduced wages due out excess labor output could also pop up. However, as pay offs to college graduates stagnate, rewards to high school diploma holders reduce hence widening the gap between the two (TIME). The implication is that, employers still attach more value to college education regardless of the degree taken. Research shows that college graduates earn more t han their counterparts (Economist), moreover, those who do not have a college degree believe that they have less (Piew). Therefore, the only constraint to college education is the ever rising cost. Not going to college does not solve the problem as it reduces productivity and hence reducing the expected returns to capital, making all investments not viable. Mr. Thiel creates a controversy in the importance of education by offering an alternative to college education and then again criticizing the viability of the alternative (Piew). Thiel himself, developed his business idea while still in college, a proof that attending college does not restrain the individual to job market and hence lead only to the middle class as most people think. Under capitalism, the rich are few, but among the rich college graduates are richer than their high school counterparts. Thiel produces capital

Civil Engineering Essay Example for Free

Civil Engineering Essay The material used for construction or the materials used to produce other materials which may be used in construction is called construction material. construction material are: Cement,sand ,water. Concrete, Lime, Stones, Paints and Varnishes, Wood and Timber, Engineering Metals, Bituminous materials and Plastics, Rubber and Glass, Miscelleneous materials, http://www.aboutcivil.org/engineering-materials.html Cement Bricklayer Joseph Asp din of Leeds, England first made portland cement early in the 19th century by burning powdered limestone and clay in his kitchen stove. Portland cement, the basic ingredient of concrete, is a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and small amounts of other ingredients sand to which gypsum is added in the final grinding process to regulate the setting time of the concrete. Lime and silica make up about 85% of the mass. Common among the materials used in its manufacture are limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate or blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. Strength of cement Also known as the mother of all engineering, it is the oldest, most simple and useful of all engineering sciences. Civil engineering is field of engineering sciences, related to construction, design and maintenance of buildings, dams, bridges, tunnels, highways etc. sand Sand is an extremely needful material for the construction but this important material must be purchased with all care and vigilance. Sand which is used in the construction purpose must be clean, free from waste stones and impurities. It is important to know what type of sand is beneficial for construction purpose as sand is also classified into three different forms that make it suitable for specific type of construction. Sand is classified as: Fine Sand (0.075 to 0.425 mm), Medium Sand (0.425 to 2 mm) and Coarse Sand (2.0 to4.75 mm). However this classification of sand is further has types of sand in particular and on that basis only they are being incorporated in the construction. Read out the detailing of the types of sand: Pit Sand (Coarse sand) Pit sand is classified under coarse sand which is also called badarpur in common language. This type of coarse sand is procured from deep pits of abundant supply and it is generally in red-orange colour. The coarse grain is sharp, angular and certainly free from salts etc which is mostly employed in concreting. River Sand River sand is procured from river streams and banks and is fine in quality unlike pit sand. This type of sand has rounded grains generally in white-grey colour. River sand has many uses in the construction purpose such as plastering. Sea Sand As the name suggest, sea sand is taken from seas shores and it is generally in distinct brown colour with fine circular grains. Sea sand is avoided for the purpose construction of concrete structure and in engineering techniques because it contains salt which tends to absorb moisture from atmosphere and brings dampness. Eventually cement also loses its action when mixed with sea sand that is why it is only used for the local purpose instead of structural construction. There are different standards for the construction purpose which must be checked and considered for the better construction. The requirement according to which sand is chosen should be like: * For plastering purpose the overall fine sand used must not be less than 1.5 while silt is preferred to not less than 4 percent. * For brick work fine sand used must not be less than 1.2 to 1.5 and silt is preferred is 4 percent generally. * Concreting work require coarse sand in modulus of 2.5 to 3.5 with not less than 4 percent silt content. * http://www.sereneinteriors.com/building-construction/types-of-sand-construction.html water Pure and hygienic water is not only important for our life but also needed for quality construction. From the foundation till the completion of construction we must ensure the quality of water used. Here are few tips to know about water. Water is one of the most important elements in construction but people still ignore quality aspect of this element. The water is required for preparation of mortar, mixing of cement concrete and for curing work etc during construction work. The quality and quantity of water has much effect on the strength of mortar and cement concrete in construction work. Quality of Water The water used for mixing and curing should be clean and free from injurious quantities of alkalis, acid, oils, salt, sugar, organic materials, vegetable growth and other substances that may be deleterious to bricks, stone, concrete or steel. Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing. The pH value of water should be not less than 6. Effects of Bad Quality Water on Cement Concrete It has been observed that certain common impurities in water affect the quality of mortar or concrete. Many times in spite of using best material i.e. cement, coarse sand, coarse aggregate etc. in cement concrete, required results are not achieved. Most of Engineers/Contractors think that there is something wrong in cement, but they do not consider quality of water being used. Some bad effects of water containing impurities are following. * Presence of salt in water such as Calcium Chloride, Iron Salts, inorganic salts and sodium etc. are so dangerous that they reduce initial strength of concrete and in some cases no strength can be achieved. There is rusting problem in steel provided in RCC. Â  Presence of acid, alkali, industrial waste, sanitary sewage and water with sugar also reduce the strength of concrete. ï‚ · Presence of silt or suspended particle in water has adverse effect on strength of concrete. Presence of oil such as linseed oil, vegetable oil or mineral oil in water above 2 % reduces the strength of concrete up to 25 %. 5. Presence of algae/vegetable growth in water used for mixing in cement concrete reduce of the strength of concrete considerably and also reduce the bond between cement paste and aggregate. Concrete. Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement, and water. There are many formulations, which provide varied properties. The aggregate is generally a coarse gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along with a fine aggregate such as sand. The cement, commonly Portland cement, and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, serve as a binder for the aggregate. Various chemical admixtures are also added to achieve varied properties. Water is then mixed with this dry composite, which enables it to be shaped (typically poured) and then solidified and hardened into rock-hard strength through a chemical process called hydration. The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a robust stone-like material. Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but much lower tensile strength. For this reason it is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension ( often steel). Concrete can be damaged by many processes, such as the freezing of trapped water. Types of Concrete. Mix design Modern concrete mix designs can be complex. The choice of a concrete mix depends on the need of the project both in terms of strength and appearance and in relation to local legislation and building codes. The design begins by determining the requirements of the concrete. These requirements take into consideration the weather conditions that the concrete will be exposed to in service, and the required design strength. The compressive strength of a concrete is determined by taking standard molded, standard-cured cylinder samples. Many factors need to be taken into account, from the cost of the various additives and aggregates, to the trade offs between, the slump for easy mixing and placement and ultimate performance. A mix is then designed using cement (Portland or other cementitious material), coarse and fine aggregates, water and chemical admixtures. The method of mixing will also be specified, as well as conditions that it may be used in. This allows a user of the concrete to be confident that the structure will perform properly. Various types of concrete have been developed for specialist application and have become known by these names.. Concrete mixes can also be designed using software programs. Such software provide the user an opportunity to select their preferred method of mix design and enter the material data to arrive at proper mix designs. Old concrete recipes Concrete has been used since ancient times. Regular Roman concrete for example was made from volcanic ash (pozzolana), and hydrated lime. Roman concrete was superior from other concrete recipes (for example, those consisting of only sand and lime)[1] used by other nations. Besides volcanic ash for making regular Roman concrete, brick dust can also be utilized. Besides regular Roman concrete, the Romans also invented hydraulic concrete, which they made from volcanic ash and clay. Modern concrete Regular concrete is the lay term describing concrete that is produced by following the mixing instructions that are commonly published on packets of cement, typically using sand or other common material as the aggregate, and often mixed in improvised containers. The ingredients in any particular mix depends on the nature of the application. Regular concrete can typically withstand a pressure from about 10 MPa (1450 psi) to 40 MPa (5800 psi), with lighter duty uses such as blinding concrete having a much lower MPa rating than structural concrete. Many types of pre-mixed concrete are available which include powdered cement mixed with an aggregate, needing only water. Typically, a batch of concrete can be made by using 1 part Portland cement, 2 parts dry sand, 3 parts dry stone, 1/2 part water. The parts are in terms of weight – not volume. For example, 1-cubic-foot (0.028 m3) of concrete would be made using 22 lb (10.0 kg) cement, 10 lb (4.5 kg) water, 41 lb (19 kg) dry sand, 70 lb (32 kg) dry stone (1/2 to 3/4 stone). This would make 1-cubic-foot (0.028 m3) of concrete and would weigh about 143 lb (65 kg). The sand should be mortar or brick sand (washed and filtered if possible) and the stone should be washed if possible. Organic materials (leaves, twigs, etc.) should be removed from the sand and stone to ensure the highest strength. High-strength concrete High-strength concrete has a compressive strength greater than 40 MPa (5800 psi). High-strength concrete is made by lowering the water-cement (W/C) ratio to 0.35 or lower. Often silica fume is added to prevent the formation of free calcium hydroxide crystals in the cement matrix, which might reduce the strength at the cement-aggregate bond. Low W/C ratios and the use of silica fume make concrete mixes significantly less workable, which is particularly likely to be a problem in high-strength concrete applications where dense rebar cages are likely to be used. To compensate for the reduced workability, superplasticizers are commonly added to high-strength mixtures. Aggregate must be selected carefully for high-strength mixes, as weaker aggregates may not be strong enough to resist the loads imposed on the concrete and cause failure to start in the aggregate rather than in the matrix or at a void, as normally occurs in regular concrete. In some applications of high-strength concrete the design criterion is the elastic modulus rather than the ultimate compressive strength. Stamped concrete Stamped concrete is an architectural concrete which has a superior surface finish. After a concrete floor has been laid, floor hardeners (can be pigmented) are impregnated on the surface and a mold which may be textured to replicate a stone / brick or even wood is stamped on to give an attractive textured surface finish. After sufficient hardening the surface is cleaned and generally sealed to give a protection. The wear resistance of stamped concrete is generally excellent and hence found in applications like parking lots, pavements, walkways etc. High-performance concrete High-performance concrete (HPC) is a relatively new term used to describe concrete that conforms to a set of standards above those of the most common applications, but not limited to strength. While all high-strength concrete is also high-performance, not all high-performance concrete is high-strength. Some examples of such standards currently used in relation to HPC are: Properties of concrete. Uses of concrete. Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick/block walls, pavements, bridges/overpasses, motorways/roads, runways, parking structures, dams, pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings for gates, fences and poles and even boats. Famous concrete structures include the Burj Khalifa (worlds tallest building), the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canaland the Roman Pantheon. Lime. Manufacture of lime Lime stones are burnt in either clamps or kilns.1. Clamps:For small quantity of limestone, burning is done in a clamp. On a clear surface about 5 meters in diameter, layers of broken limestones and fuel are laid to form a heap about 4 meters high.First and the last layers should be of the fuel. In case coal is used as fuel, it could be well mixed up with limestones and lay in a heap. Sides of the heap, which incline slightly inwards, are plastered over with mud to stop loss of heat. A little opening at the top is provided for draught. The clamp is then fired at the bottom.Disappearance of blue flame at the top is an indication of the burning of lime having completed. The clamp is then allowed to cool down and pieces of quick lime are then handpicked.Clamp burning of lime is uneconomical as the fuel consumption is more due to loss of heat and as some lime powder is lost in fuel ash. Also the quick lime carries any admixture of ash.| 2. Kiln for large quantity of lime, permanent structures of kilns are constructed.A. Intermittent kiln:Whenever the lime is desired intermittently or the supply of stones or fuel is not regular then the intermittent kiln is used. An intermittent kiln in which the fuel is not in contact with the lime is shown in the figure.Big pieces of limestones are used to make a sort of archon with which smaller pieces of limestone are loaded. Fire is lighted below the arch formed with big pieces of limestone. It is only the flame not the fuel that comes in contact with the stones. Burning should be gradual so that the stones forming the arch do not get split. It normally takes two days to burn and one day to cool the charge. B. Continuous kiln:Wood or charcoal could be used as a fuel. Limestones or kankars free from earth or impurities are broken into small pieces to about 5cm gauge. Alternate layers of 75 mm stone and 6mm coal dust are fed into the kiln. Top should be covered with mud, leaving a hole of 0.5 meter diameter in the center. Burning proceeds continuously and the kiln is not allowed to cool down. Burnt material is drawn out daily and fresh charge of stone and fuel is added from top. Over burnt pieces are discarded whereas the under burnt ones are reloaded into the kiln. Remaining material is slaked or ground in grinding mill for use. | a. Eminently rich lime: It slakes rapidly. It consists of less than 5% of impurities such as silica and alumina (in clay form) and high %age of CaO. It is slow in setting and hardening and setting depends on CO2 from atmosphere, therefore rich lime is used for plastering but not mortar making. It may be used for inferior and temporary structures. B. Lean and poor lime: It contains more than 5% clayey impurities and other impurities like silica, alumina, iron and magnesium oxides, exceeds 11%. Due to large amount of impurities it slakes slowly. It also sets and hardens very slowly. It is used both for plastering and mortar making for inferior class of work. Advertisements| 1. Composition:Fat lime is produced from sea shell, coral deposits etc or from lime stone containing impurities like free sand and soluble silica combined with alumina, magnesium, carbonate etc. If the proportion of free sand is large, the resulting lime becomes progressively poor and is called poor or lean lime.2. Behavior in slaking:Fat lime slakes rapidly when water is added giving out considerable heat and making hissing and cracking noise and increases 2 to 3 times its original volume. Fat lime if exposed to air, it absorbs moisture and CO2 from the atmosphere and becomes inert CaCO3 or chalk again and loses its cementing power. For developing the cementing power, quick lime must be slaked with water as early as possible, after it is obtained from the kiln.| 3. Shrinking:Fat lime has a greater tendency to shrink and crack as it dries. To prevent this, a large quantity of sand (2 to 3 times) must be mixed with it to prepare mortar.4. Hardening or setting:Fat lime is hydrated calcium oxide and sets by the absorption of CO2 from the air.Ca (OH) 2 + CO2 == CaCO3 + H2OCrystals of CaCO3 are formed and the water goes by evaporation. Thus fat lime hardens only where it comes in contact with air, as in plaster work.In the interior of thick walls, it does not acquire strength as CO2 i.e. air cannot reach there. Mixing of sand (2 to 3 times) forms pores for access of CO2 and helps hardening.5. Strength:Crystals of CaCO3 formed by fat lime are not very strong. Fat lime, therefore, does not possess much strength and is used for plastering walls, while washing etc in exposed positions.