Many of the characters in Of Mice and Men are lonely Essay Example for Free

Many of the characters in Of Mice and Men are lonely Essay Describe the reasons for their loneliness and explore the different ways they seek comfort. Many of the characters in the novel of Mice and Men are lonely because they grew up in an unurturing and unfriendly environment. The reason for this type of negative and depressing attitude is due to the Great Wall Street Crash. This tormenting economic crash took place at the same time when the novel Of Mice and Men is set, in the year 1929. Families fell apart as the men were forced to leave behind their roots, and seek employment on ranches in order to bring back stability in their lives again. Relationships were never formed on these ranches as no one had any time nor interest in trying to communicate and bond with the other ranch hands or other residents. The only object the ranchers were attracted to was making money and moving on, therefore there was no stability. Tragically, vast amounts of people committed suicide, as they could not bear to live their lives recounting all their losses. Coincidentally the meaning of the town Soledad is our lady of loneliness. Loneliness is a spreading disease, which has the power to make the most cheerful people dull and gloomy as they begin to feel isolated. There is no direct cure for loneliness; therefore no one knows how to deal with it. This is the stage where the effected people begin to split into two distinctive groups depending on each individuals character; the two groups are known as introverts and extroverts. The people that are catogrised in the introvert group suffer the most as they keep all their emotions locked up inside, leading in them taking their anger out on themselves. Whereas the extrovert group has a completely different way of approaching loneliness, they begin to take their anger out on other people in such ways as being aggressive and flirtatious to overcome their feelings. There is a vast comparison between the two groups; if you look at it between characters, which are extroverts and introverts, at one extreme you have Crooks a Negro who is partially crippled, and then you have Curley, a cruel, insensitive extrovert. All humans need to be comforted at the time of need as this is the human desire, therefore, it is not surprising that the characters in this novel also require comfort. Some characters similar to Crooks need friendship-based relationships so that they can communicate with other people. Other characters similar to George and Lennie have their future dream to look forward to and work towards that is their target. The definition of a dream is: Dream n. Train of thoughts, images, or fancies passing through mind during sleep; Conscious indulgence of fancy, reverie, thing of dream-like beauty, charm, goodness, etc. (Taken from the Readers Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary, Third Edition) A dream is something you indulge in, to escape momentarily from life. This seems to be the context that John Steinbeck intended his characters in Of Mice and Men to dream in. They are all craving for something in the case of George and Lennie, that something is land. All the dreams in this novel are similar to the Great American Dream, which is that you can achieve anything if you have the mind and desire to do it. However, most of the characters who have dreams know that their dreams may never become reality, but never the less it still provides comfort for them. Crooks is partially crippled, his body was bent over to the left by his crooked spine, yet self-dependant Negro, he too is very lonely. Crookss personality is quite interesting, as he is very defensive and protective of himself: He kept his distance and demanded that others kept theirs. Crooks is very cautious about those who approach him, this is as he does not want to be in any more pain than he already is; he is frightened that someone will not only hurt him physically but harm him mentally as well. He is fully aware of his rights, he knows the limitations of what he is allowed to do and what he has not got the right to do. Crooks is lonely as he has not got anyone to talk to due to the colour of his skin, he does not even know how to act around other guys. All he spends his time doing is reading the battered magazines and dirty books which were scattered all around his bunk: Books aint no good, a guy needs somebody to be near himA guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont make no difference who the guy is, longs hes with you Later on in the chapter we realise that all Crooks is longing for is companionship, however, it is evident to see that Crooks is a bad communicator: You got no right to come in my room. This heres my room. Nobody got any right in here but me. Crooks reacts angrily, his anger is and pride is a defense against the harsh treatment he has been subjected to and experienced for most of his years in life. He has been held back without any real conversation for an eminent amount of time, therefore leading to his language being unwelcoming as it is aggressive and defensive. Loneliness has had a negative effect on Crooks as it has made him verbally aggressive and very protective of what is his and his right. In chapter 4, John Steinbeck does a role reverse, instead of a white man tormenting a Negro, a Negro torments a white man, in this case Lennie. Crooks took a lot of pleasure in torturing Lennie the night George went into town, he had pleasure form teasing Lennie by suggesting that George would not bother to return as he better off without the presence of Lennie: I said spose George went into town tonight and you never heard of him no moreJust spose that. Crooks enjoys having the power over Lennie, he uses persuasive and manipulative language to prove his point, for once in all the time on the ranch he has an advantage over a white man. This inspires him, Crooks is feeling good at this point; he feels self-assured as though he can take on anything: Now you jus get on out, an get out quick. If you dont, Im gonna ast the boss not to ever let you come in the barn no more. Crooks builds up his confidence to such an extent that he forgets his status on the social hierarchy. However, Curleys wife coldly reminds Crooks of his unsuccessful position as a black man; a nigger: Well, you keep your place here nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easily it aint even funny. This racist statement reminds Crooks of his old self, leading to him remembering that he has reduced himself to nothing, he pressed his body against the wall, in shame. Crooks achieves comfort from remembering his childhood; Crooks came from a background full of love and care for each other, he knows what the true value of companionship is: I remember when I was a little kid on my old mans chicken ranch. Had two brothers. They were always near me, always there. Crooks past childhood is full of affection and love in contrast to Crooks now, an isolated and lonely man who is referred to as a nigger. Crooks is in vast emotional pain as he knows what he is missing out on, however, some people may argue that he is actually quite advantaged as at least he has old memories to refer back to. Crooks also gets comfort from asking to be allowed to join the dream, which George, Lennie and Crooks hold: If you would want a hand to work for nothing- just his keep, why Id come and lend a hand. Crooks wants things to go back to as he was a child, he wants to revisit the happy days of his life that are now just a vague memory to him. Crooks knows that the only way he can do this is by joining the dream that George, Lennie and Crooks share. However, Crooks soon finds out when George rejects him from sharing the dream that he is destined to be an old isolated Negro. George Milton is one of the main characters in the novel, Of Mice and Men, he is quiet, modest and clearly a good worker. George is considered as one of the fortunate characters in this particular novel, this is as he atleast had a chance to experience the true value of companionship and unconditional value with his best friend Lennie Small. His companionship with Lennie staves of loneliness, as well as giving George a role in life; a clear task to look after Lennie. It is evident to see that at the beginning of the novel George feels superior with this role as it gives him a sense of power over Lennie: George has learnt vastly from his past experiences with Lennie; this allows George to have a two-way relationship with Lennie, one that of a best friend, and another that of a parent. George feels a sense of duty and responsibility towards Lennie as a parent: Dont really seem to be running, though. You never oughta drink water when it aint running, Lennie. However, as the novel progresses George begins to realise what companionship is, we kinda look after each other, now this role simply makes George feel different from the rest of the ranch hands as it entitles him to a status. Nevertheless, George still recognises that he is still lonely, despite having a companion, it may be more discrete than others may, but he is still lonely. George and Lennie do not interact on an intellectual level; Slim describes George as a smart little guy, where as Lennie is described by George as dumb as hell; therefore the comparison on their intellect is eminent. At times George thinks he is talking to himself, as Lennie never really responds to his questions. Therefore Lennie can never really understand George emotionally or physically. George seeks comfort by the companionship with Lennie, they both look out for each other: Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world Lennie broke in. But not us! Becausebecause I got you to look after me, And you got me to look after you, and thats why. George relies on his companionship with Lennie to get through the unurturing and unfriendly environment of Soledad: its a lot nicer to go around with a guy you know George values and treasures his special relationship with Lennie, he loves him so much that he can even sacrifice him for Lennies own benefit. George also seeks comfort by his simple dream, he wants him and Lennie to have land of their own, and they want to be their own managers and look after each other until they grow old: Some day-were gonna get the jack together and were gonna have a little house and a couple of acreswhen it rains in the winter, well just say the hell with goin to work, and well build up a fire in the stove and set around it an listen to the rain comin down on the roof Georges dream, although extremely similar to Lennies, is probably more detailed and complicated. Lennie due to his child-like mentality only thinks as far as tendin the rabbits, whereas George assesses the situation by asking himself if they have got enough money, or when will they be able to achieve the dream, before accepting the dream to become reality. George had made it perfectly clear that the dream that he and Lennie share will only become successful if they both achieve it: I knowed wed never do her. He usta like to hear about it so much I got to thinking maybe we would. George realised that he just got carried away, he knew from the start that the dream was unattainable; all dreams are unattainable in Soledad, as it is such a disturbing environment. Curleys wife is possibly the loneliest of all characters in the novel, Of Mice and Men, throughout the beginning of the novel John Steinbeck gives the readers the impression that Curleys wife is a tart: She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the doorframe so that her body was thrown forward She is portrayed as tarty through her provocative appearance and flirtatious actions. John Steinbeck deliberately does not give her a name, she is only known as Curleys wife; therefore a possession of Curley. Curleys wife has been forced to recognise that her sexuality is the only weapon, the only thing that will ever get her noticed: She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up This is mainly the reason for why she is dressed in a sexually provocative manner throughout the novel. Curleys wifes complaints of loneliness are likely to be sincere, yet she presents them in a manipulative manner that reduces any sympathy for the character. Her craving for contact is immense, she is longing for someone to have a conversation with her: Why cant I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awfully lonely. However, it seems that everyone is incapable of having a faithful conversation with her without it including any sexual content. John Steinbeck describes Curleys wife, as so desperate that to experience the true value of a relationship that she would do anything to obtain it: If anyone- a man or a woman- ever gave her a break- treated her like a person- she would be a slave to that person. Curleys wife is prepared to carry out any instructions, or meet any demands for anyone that would for once be able to trust her and become her friend, she would do it to such an extent that she would even follow them as if she was enslaved to them. Curleys wife has a different type of dream from George and Lennies; instead of having something to call her own, she wants fame, fortune and respect: Coulda been in the movies, an had clothes- all of them nice clothes like they wear. An I coulda sat in them big hotels, an had pitchers took of meBecause this guy says I was a natural. Curleys wifes dream allows her to escape from her tormenting controlled life and seek comfort from what in her point of view could have happened. Curleys wife is vulnerable, and innocent, she shows her humanity by consoling in Lennie. However, Curleys wife seems to have a deep regret that she did not take up either of the men on their offers: If Id went, I wouldnt be livin like this, you bet. Curleys wifes vulnerability shows the most at this point, she is so desperate to get away from her usual lifestyle that she takes the words of a complete stranger to be equivalent of that of a gospel: He says he was gonna put me in the movies. Says I was a natural. Curleys wifes dream was shattered when the letter that she was waiting for never came, coldly she blamed her mother, accusing her of stealing the letter. It is understandable that there never was going to be a letter, the men were just taking advantage of the poor innocent girl. Curleys wife married Curley on impulse; her hasty marriage to Curley proves to be a failed attempt to escape from her own spiral of loneliness, however, it is now that she has come to realise that what she did was immoral; she feels more trapped now then she ever did: I dont like Curley. He aint a nice fella. Curleys failure to satisfy his wife both emotionally and physically is another reason why Curleys wife is so lonely and has so much hatred built up towards him. When Lennie kills Curleys wife in Chapter 5, John Steinbeck offers the readers a disturbing image. He describes her with more life and vitality as a corpse than he did as a living character, her rouged cheeks and reddened lips now after her death give her the appearance of life. In death the meanness and the plannings and the discontent and the ache for attention have gone from her face. This represents John Steinbecks first concrete praise for Curleys wife; he writes for the first time that she appears pretty and simple, a more commendable character as a corpse than as a living human being, as she is not her manipulative self. Therefore, concluding that in a way, some may say that Curleys wife has achieved her dream as she won her innocence back. Loneliness is a major theme in the novel Of Mice and Men. It is only the two characters George and Lennie who stave of it by their relationship. However, the disadvantaged characters are the ones who suffer the most, it embitters Candy and Crooks, moreover, it kills Curleys wife. John Steinbeck describes loneliness as part of a human condition in this particular novel, it is something we as humans are born with leading it to be either something we fight or succumb to all our lives: Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world Lennie broke in. But not us! Becausebecause I got you to look after me, And you got me to look after you, and thats why. However, throughout the novel John Steinbeck does not offer any answers to get rid of loneliness, it only shows how different characters deal with this problem differently.

Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter

Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter III, Section 3)..'anyone who wilfully fails to render to a person in danger any assistance which, without risk to himself or to third parties, he could render him either by his own action, or by initiating rescue operations..' is punishable by imprisonment and fine. Essay Question: What is the criminal law in England and Wales on liability for omissions to act? Having regard to the above extract from the French Penal Code, critically discuss whether the current English Law on this issue should be changed. The criminal law in England and Wales on liability for omissions to act: Unlike the French Penal code, which provides a general duty on all persons to assist others in peril according to their abilities, breach of which is a specific offence in its own right, English criminal law does not impose a general duty to act to save other people or property from harm, even if this could be done without any risk or inconvenience. For example, a man who simply stands and observes a child drowning in a shallow pool when he is in a position to easily rescue it should he choose to do so, commits no offence under English law, because he is not under a duty to rescue it. A duty to act may however arise under a contract, the most obvious example being where the failure to fulfil a contractual obligation is likely to endanger the lives of others. Liability is not necessarily precluded by the injured person not being a party to the contract; in the case of Pittwood[1], the defendant, who was a level-crossing keeper, in breach of his contract of employment, failed to close the gate when a train was approaching, resulting in someone dying on the crossing. Wright J confirmed that criminal liability can be incurred from a person’s failure to perform their contractual duty and held that, in this case, a duty was owed to the road users even though, prima facie, the contractual obligation was owed only to the railway company. A person who holds a public office, such as a police officer, may also be under a duty to care for others. For example, in the case of Dytham[2], a uniformed police officer failed to act when he saw a man being kicked to death a few yards away and was convicted on charges of ‘misconduct in a public office’. Likewise, a parent is under a duty to save his/her young child from harm; a parent who has allowed his/her baby child to starve to death may, depending upon his/her state of mind, be convicted of murder or manslaughter[3]. Other close relationships may also involve a similar duty[4], such as between a husband and wife, although this particular example might be more akin to a contractual duty arising from the contract of marriage than to the duty in the above example. The voluntary carer of a person unable to look after him/herself is also bound by a duty of care towards that person under English criminal law. In Nicholls[5], the defendant received a young child into her care, on the death of that child’s mother. Brett J directed the jury that if a person chooses to take on the care of someone who is helpless, either from infancy, infirmity or mental illness, he is bound to execute that responsibility and, if he allows him/her to die, he may be guilty of manslaughter. In Stone[6], this principle was extended to include situations where a person does not overtly accept the responsibility of carer, but where the situation has lead to such; for example, in a situation where two people have lived together for some time, and the health of one of those people deteriorates to a state where they become dependent upon the other for care, then the court may be prepared to imply a voluntary undertaking of care from the very fact that the healthy party did in fact oblige[7]. Such a duty will of course be extinguished if the relationship between these two parties should end, or if the ill party orally releases the other from his/her responsibilities [providing of course that the party is in a state capable of making a rational decision]. An example of this latter situation might be a patient releasing her doctor from his duty of care towards her by instructing him that should she become ill, she does not wish to be treated. Such an advance refusal will only be effective if the patient is fully compos mentis, has not been unduly influenced in respect of her decision and has contemplated the actual situation which will arise, understanding all the consequences of refusing treatment in such a situation[8]. A duty of care can also arise from an accident; where the accused inadvertently and without the appropriate mens rea performs an act which places a person or property in danger, but before the resulting harm is complete, becomes aware of the train of events caused by his inadvertent act, then that party is, by virtue of the English criminal law, under a duty to take such steps as lie within his power to try to prevent or reduce the risk of harm; if he does not, then he may be criminally liable for the consequences. The case authority for this special duty situation is the case of Miller[9], in which the defendant had, quite by accident, fallen asleep in the plaintiff’s house with a lit cigarette in his fingertips. He awoke to find that he had set the mattress of the bed, in which he was sleeping, alight, but rather than raising alarm or trying to extinguish the fire, he simply went into the adjacent room and fell asleep in there. The House of Lords affirmed his conviction for arson, contrary to s1(1) and (3) of the Criminal Damage Act 1971, as he was in breach of his duty to take reasonable care to extinguish the fire which he had accidentally caused, being in a position to do so. As yet there is no clear authority on how much of a risk a person under such a duty to act might be expected to run in order to perform that duty, but the common law duty requires ‘reasonable’ steps to be taken, a criterion which will be assessed in light of all the circumstances of the particular case in question. So far we have focussed our discussion around the duties of ordinary citizen’s in daily life as developed by the English common law. It should be noted that there are also in place many statutory schemes of regulation in regard to industry and commerce, such as the offence of failing to comply with a limitation, condition or notice contrary to the Radioactive Substances Act 1993. There are also statutory schemes for the distribution of public money, such as the failure to notify a change of circumstances under the Social Security Administration (Fraud) Act 1997, and schemes for other licensed regulated activity such as failing to report a road accident. These statutory schemes are simple rules which must be followed as a condition of engaging in these activities, and are relatively non-contentious in their lack of general application to the ‘ordinary citizen’. Critical discussion regarding the issue of whether the current English Law, as described above, should be changed so as to be more like the law contained in Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter III, Section 3): As we have seen from the above description, English criminal law does not generally criminalize the failure to render assistance to another citizen who is in peril, even where such assistance would be easy and cause no harm to ourselves. In contrast, the law under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code (Chapter III, Section3), as quoted within the question of this essay, does create a general duty to rescue, and does criminalise such omissions. The position of the English criminal law in not generally criminalising such omissions might be defended on grounds that the vagueness of the terms involved with criminalizing such omissions [such as ‘reasonable steps’] would leave citizens with no clear warning of what they must do and when [the principle of ‘fair warning’]. It may also be defended on grounds that this resulting uncertainty would have a weakening effect on the rule of law and would also lead to too great a reliance on prosecutorial discretion in defining the effective scope of such omission criminalisation. The English position might be best defended however by adherence to the principle of autonomy; â€Å"the imposition of a duty to act restricts one’s liberty to pursue one’s own ends and desires by requiring one to do a particular thing at a particular time.† The position of the French Penal Code in generally criminalising such omissions might be defended on grounds that more important than the principles of fair warning, rule of law and individual autonomy is the protection of human life and human safety. A. Ashworth and E. Steiner[10] argue that Article 223(2) is a deliberate attempt to set the protection of one citizen’s life or safety above the protection of the maximum liberty of other citizens. The position might also be defended by the fact that since its introduction in 1941, this French Penal Code, responsible for generally criminalising a failure to rescue, has not been considered oppressive[11] in the way that vehement advocates of the English approach might lead one to believe such a law would. The truth is that both the English and the French approach in regards to liability for omissions to act have their respective shortcomings. The English approach does not afford enough weight to the worthy protection of the fundamental interest in human life and safety; the French approach does not afford sufficient attention to the worthy principles of autonomy, fair warning and the rule of law. Perhaps the solution therefore would be a compromise? I believe that the lesson English criminal law should learn from the Penal Code of our Continental comrades is the importance in recognising the harms involved with not helping a person who is in peril; English law must retain its firm stance with regards autonomy, fair warning and rule of law, but simultaneously afford a greater degree of attention to the protection of the fundamental interest in human life. As M. A. Menlowe[12] writes: â€Å"†¦when fundamental interests are involved (life, physical integrity), we should pause before accepting that an individual’s freedom of action is more valuable than a requirement to carry out a non-burdensome rescue.† In conclusion therefore, I would argue that perhaps a compromise should be employed by the English criminal law; a ‘duty of easy rescue’. The law should criminalise omissions to rescue those in peril where such a rescue is a simple and harmless task, but should not punish someone for not engaging in a rescue attempt when the risks associated with such a rescue are uncertain and complicated. Pessimists might argue that it would be too difficult to create a law which attempted a balance between on the one hand the respect for autonomy, adherence to the principle of fair warning and adequate protection of the rule of law, and on the other, a respect for protection of the fundamental interest in human life, but such critics should bear in mind that these three former principles are often found balanced with other interests throughout English law. As Feinberg remarks: â€Å"similar line-drawing problems exist throughout the law, and most have been found manageable.[13]† Bibliography A. Ashworth and E. Steiner ‘Criminal Ommissions and Public Duties (1990) 10 Legal Studies 153 A. Ashworth, ‘Principles of Criminal Law’, 3d. Oxford University Press 1999 p50 M. A. Menlowe. ‘The Philosophical Foundations of a Duty to Rescue,’ in M. A. Menlowe and A. McCall Smith (eds), The Duty to Rescue (1993) Feinberg, Harmless Wrongdoing, xii, summarising his argument in ‘Harm to Others’ 150-9 (1984) Cases cited: Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 Dytham [1979] 3 All ER 641 Gibbins (1918) 82 JP 287 Smith [1979] Crim LR 251 Nicholls (1874) 13 Cox CC 75 Stone [1977] QB 354 Re T [1993] Fam 95 Miller [1983] 2 AC 161 Footnotes [1] Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 [2] Dytham [1979] 3 All ER 641 [3] Gibbins (1918) 82 JP 287 [4] Smith [1979] Crim LR 251 [5] Nicholls (1874) 13 Cox CC 75 [6] Stone [1977] QB 354 [7] Stone [1977] QB 354 [8] These criteria were first set out in the case of Re T [1993] Fam 95 [9] Miller [1983] 2 AC 161 [10] A. Ashworth and E. Steiner ‘Criminal Ommissions and Public Duties (1990) 10 Legal Studies 153 [11] A. Ashworth, ‘Principles of Criminal Law’, 3d. Oxford University Press 1999 p50 [12] M. A. Menlowe. ‘The Philosophical Foundations of a Duty to Rescue,’ in M. A. Menlowe and A. McCall Smith (eds), The Duty to Rescue (1993) [13] Feinberg, Harmless Wrongdoing, xii, summarising his argument in ‘Harm to Others’ 150-9

MEMS: Comparison With Micro Electronics

MEMS: Comparison With Micro Electronics Micro Electro Mechanical Systems or MEMS is a term coined around 1989 by Prof. R. Howe and others to describe an emerging research, where mechanical elements, like cantilevers or membranes, had been manufactured at a scale more akin to microelectronics circuit than to lathe machining. But MEMS is not the only term used to describe this and from its multicultural origin it is also known as Micromachines, a term often used in Japan, or more broadly as Microsystem Technology (MST), in Europe. However, if the etymology of the word is more or less well known, the dictionaries are still mum about an exact definition. Actually, what could link an inkjet printer head, a video projector DLP system, a disposable bio-analysis chip and an airbag crash sensor yes, they are all MEMS, but what is MEMS? It appears that these devices share the presence of features below 100 micro metre that are not machined using standard machining but using other techniques globally called micro-fabrication technology. Of course, this simple definition would also include microelectronics, but there is a characteristic that electronic circuits do not share with MEMS. While electronic circuits are inherently solid and compact structures, MEMS have holes, cavity, channels, cantilevers, membranes, etc, and, in some way, imitate `mechanical parts. This has a direct impact on their manufacturing process. Actually, even when MEMS are based on silicon, microelectronics process needs to be adapted to cater for thicker layer deposition, deeper etching and to introduce special steps to free the mechanical structures. Then, many more MEMS are not based on silicon and can be manufactured in polymer, in glass, in quartz or even in metals [5, 6]. Thus, if similarities between MEMS and microelectronics exist, they now clearly are two distinct. Actually, MEMS needs a completely different set of mind, where next to electronics, mechanical and material knowledge plays a fundamental role. 1.2 MEMS technology The development of a MEMS component has a cost that should not be misevaluated but the technology has the possibility to bring unique benefits. The reasons that prompt the use of MEMS technology can be classified broadly in three classes: a) Miniaturization of existing devices, like for example the production of silicon based gyroscope which reduced existing devices weighting several kg and with a volume of 1000 cm3 to a chip of a few grams contained in a 0.5 cm3 package. b) Development of new devices based on principles that do not work at larger scale. A typical example is given by the biochips where electrical are use to pump the reactant around the chip. This so called electro-osmotic effect based on the existence of a drag force in the fluid works only in channels with dimension of a fraction of one mm, that is, at micro-scale. c) Development of new tools to interact with the micro-world. In 1986 H. Rohrer and G. Binnig at IBM were awarded the Nobel price in physics for their work on scanning tunneling microscope. This work heralded the development of a new class of microscopes (atomic force microscope, scanning near optical microscope) that shares the presence of micro machined sharp micro-tips with radius below 50 nm. This micro-tool was used to position atoms in complex arrangement, writing Chinese character or helping verify some prediction of quantum mechanics. Another example of this class of MEMS devices at a slightly larger scale would be the development of micro-grippers to handle cells for analysis. 2.Micromirrors 2.1 History of Micromirror : In recent years, deformable mirror devices (DMDs) have emerged as a new micro-electromechanical (MEM) technology with tremendous potential for future applications. As shown in Fig. 1-1, the concept of deformable mirrors was developed and utilized as early as 211 BC by Greek soldiers to destroy enemy ships [1]. 1 However, it was not until 1973 that serious development of micromirror devices began to emerge. Currently, several designs of deformable mirrors have been fabricated, some before a practical use had been identified. It is these devices that are now receiving serious attention as optical communication and related fields are expanding. 2.2 BACKGROUND Mirror devices are a specific type of spatial light modulator (SLM).Spatial light modulators are devices that can alter the phase, amplitude, and/or the direction of propagation of an incident beam of light. Deformable mirror devices do this by moving a reflective surface to achieve the desired effect. Currently, two distinct types of micro-mirrors are used [1]. Continuous surface devices use one large reflective membrane that is locally controlled by individual actuators to form a continuous reflective surface. Circus fun house mirrors are an example of such a device. Segmented devices, on the other hand, use a mirror surface that is divided into numerous individually controllable smaller mirrors. Greek soldiers used segmented mirrors to form a parabolic reflective surface which was used to focus sunlight onto enemy ships. 2 Segmented devices are used today in the formation of large parabolic mirrors. As shown in Figure 1-2, the primary mirror of many modern optical telescope systems is comprised of segmented deformable mirrors. In the past, the size-limiting factor in such systems has been the size of the primary mirror which had to be mechanically stable yet light enough to move to various positions throughout a full field of view. Larger mirrors were frequently damaged or caused damage to other components of the telescope when movement was attempted. With the application of segmented deformable mirror technology, the practical limit in telescopic primary mirror size can be extended since much lighter and smaller mirrors can be individually anchored, controlled, and placed adjacent to each other to form the necessary parabolic mirror. The segmented mirrors are not only placed at a slight angle to each other, but are shaped by the segmented actuators and are free to bend to form smaller parabolically curved surfaces. The segmented actuators are manipulated by the control electronics which receive information from the laser figure sensor and the edge computer which is then translated into a necessary change in the position or shape of the mirrors. These monitoring devices continually check the status of the segmented mirrors to maintain the parabolic form of the entire device and to ensure that no gaps or severe discontinuities are present in the surface of the primary mirror which would result in a distorted image or a loss in image resolution. The basic principles of this macroscopic technology can also be used in microscopic applications which involve fabricating deformable mirrors on integrated circuits. Several forms of micromirrors have emerged that combine on-chip addressing electronics with the micro-mechanical mirrors [1]. The geometric and material variations of these devices demonstrate that deformable mirrors can be designed and implemented for a variety of specific uses. The micromirror devices currently used are segmented surface devices in which the actuation of a small reflective mirror is controlled by a single address electrode. The metallized mirror and the address electrode of the device form a parallel plate capacitor. The voltage between the mirror and the electrode creates an electrostatic force acting on the mirror in the downward direction. The flexures holding the mirror are designed to deform, allowing the mirror to move vertically with applied voltage. The resulting spring force of the flexures ac ts on the mirror in the upward direction, countering the electrostatic force of the capacitor. 3.MICROMIRROR ACTUATION METHODS FOR SENSING 3.1 Electromagnetic Actuation: A micromirror can be deflected in two ways by electromagnetic actuation. First, by using Lorentz force to move a patterned coil by exerting external magnetic field. Second, by repulsive/attractive forces to repel/attract the magnetic material attached to the mirror from/to the actuator. Advances in material fabrication to provide thick film deposition of magnetic material on the surface of micro actuators should reduce voltage and current requirements. Magnetic MEMS can offer non- contact operation, and can induce mechanical resonance by magnetic element excitation. However, thermal budget imposed by the current CMOS technology limits the fabrication of the magnetic film on the substrate from reaching the desired characteristics [3]. 3.2 Piezoelectric Actuation: The piezoelectric actuation takes advantage of the corresponding physical deformation to applied electrical voltage property . It has relatively lower operation voltage (3-20 Volt DC) with low power consumption, better linearity, and fast switching time 0.1 to 1.0 milliseconds [3]. 3.3 Thermal Actuation: The main advantage of thermal actuation is the simplicity of the fabrication method. However, in general, thermal actuation tends to have higher power consumption and slow response time. The out-of-plane thermal micro actuator uses thermal expansion due to ohmic heating. A thin arm and wide arm configuration with one end fixed to the substrate has nonlinear property due to temperature dependency . 3.4 Electrostatic Actuation: Despite suffering from the pull-in effect, nonlinear behavior, and higher operating voltage, the electrostatic actuations fast response time (less than 0.1 ms), low power consumption, and the easiness of integration and testing with electrical control system make the electrostatic actuation one of the preferred choices for micromirror actuation . The operation voltage of the micromirror can be lowered while achieving more angular deflection if the stiffness of torsion bar is reduced. However, when the stiffness is lowered, the natural frequency of the micromirror also decreases, thereby reducing operational bandwidth. Say w, v, d scales as L1. Maximum Electrostatic Potential Energy Stored is given by: 3 Permitivity of vacuum and relative permitivity remains unchanged with scaling. Assume Vb scales linearly with d (Out of Paschen effect range), then 4 Electrostatic Forces Found to Scale as Square of L. Since mass and hence inertial forces scale as cube of L, Electrostatic Actuators are advantageous in Scaled Down Sizes [3]. Paschen Effect: Breakdown of continuum theory Figure 3 -Vb v/s P,d Paschen Effect: Breakdown of continuum theory: a) Vb scales non linearly in Paschen effect range. b) Vb increases in Paschen effect range. c) Higher Vb implies higher storage of energy and so larger force. 4.Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Actuation Mechanism Actuation Advantages Disadvantages Magnetic Low actuation voltage Relatively large angular deflection with lower driving power Difficult to assemble permanent magnets and coils with current CMOS technology Challenge in minimizing the size of device Piezoelectric Higher switching speed Low power consumption Short actuation range Thermal Ease of fabrication (require only one composite beam) for bulk production -High power consumption Slow response time Fatigue due to thermal cycle Electrostatic Low power consumption Fast switching Ease of integration and testing with electrical control circuitry Nonlinear characteristics Limited by the pull-in effect High actuation voltage Fabrication complexity 5.Proposed Designs 5.1 ANALYTICAL MODEL OF THE STACKED MICROMIRRORS In this section, micromirrors of different configurations are presented and compared in terms of their deflection angle and actuation voltage. The conceptual schematics of the three configurations analyzed are shown below. Figure 1(a) shows a conventional micromirror configuration. Figure 1(b) shows a unique configuration of the stacked micromirror also denoted as the first stacked mirror configuration, and Figure 1(c) shows a novel configuration of the stacked micromirror with an offset, which is also known as the second stacked micromirror configuration [8]. Figure 1. Schematics of Three Different Micromirror Configurations. The moving electrode (middle plate) in the stacked configurations is designed to be identical to the micromirror in size and material. Solutions for the following analytical model are independent of the shape and size of the plate (micromirror) as long as the dimensions of each layer are identical. First, an analytical model of the micromirror is derived to better understand the relationship between each parameter of the micromirror. The torque created by the electrostatic force between the micromirror and its electrodes, as denoted by M for each configuration, is derived from the following dynamic Equation (1): I (d2O/dt2) + C (dO/dt) + kO = M -(1) where, I is the moment of the inertia. C is the damping coefficient representing the squeeze-film. k is the torsional stiffness of the rotated serpentine spring. M is the torque created by the electrostatic force between the micromirror and its electrodes. The moment of the inertia of the micromirror along the y-axis is equal to (1/12)*ml2. Second, the value for damping coefficient, c, representing the squeeze-film damping of the micromirror is derived from the linearized Reynolds equation [13] and presented in Equation (2). C= -(48w3)/(à Ã¢â€š ¬6(b2+4)D3) (2) where, ÃŽÂ ¼ is the dynamic viscosity of the air. l is equal to the half length of the micromirror, . w is the width of the micromirror. b is the ratio of the width to the length of the micromirror. D is the initial air gap between the micromirror and its electrodes. Third, the torsional stiffness, k, of the rotated serpentine spring K= (G Jp)/(2NLp+3Lp) (3) where, G is the shear modulus of the material used in the rotated serpentine spring. Jp is the torsion factor of a beam with rectangular cross-section [14] and can be derived from the Equation (4) below. N is the number of the loops or turns in the rotated serpentine spring. Lp is the length of the rotated serpentine spring segment that is parallel to the rotation axis. Jp= (tw3/3)*(1-(192w/3t)*à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt=1,2,3.1/t3* tanh(tà Ã¢â€š ¬t/2w)) (4) Fourth, for the sake of simplicity, the micromirror is considered to be a rigid body and the deflection of the rotated serpentine spring in the Z axis is assumed to be negligible. In order to find the torque created by the electrostatic force between the micromirror and its electrodes, the parallel plate capacitor theory is used to derive the differential force that acts on a small segment of the micromirror and its electrodes: dF = 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®V2 (wdx)/(D-x2 -(5) where, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ® denotes the permittivity of air and V represents the potential difference. The torque, M, for each configuration is simplified with the normalized angle as represented by the following Equation (6), (7) and (8): MO = 0.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®wV2 (L2/D2 o2)*(o/1-o + ln(1-o)) (6) M1 = 0.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®wV2 (L2/D2 4o2)*(2o/1-2o + ln(1-2o)) (7) M2 = 0.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®wV2 (L2/D2 2)*(1/(1-2o+o2)) (8) where, M0 represents the torque created in the single mirror configuration. M1 and M2 denote the torque generated in the first and second stacked mirror configurations, respectively. To simplify the analysis, the fixed bottom electrodes are not used to actuate the micromirrors in both stacked configurations [8]. Figure-2. Torque versus Angle Comparison Plot for Three Micromirror Configurations. To visualize the magnitude of torques against the normalized angles, the normalized torques of M0, M1, and M2 are plotted in the Figure 2. The red line shows an exponential increase in the normalized torque as the normalized angle grows. The black line (conventional single mirror configuration) shows relatively gradual increase. As expected, while the deflection angle is small there are negligible differences between the three configurations in terms of the torque created by the same actuation voltage. However, as the deflection angle increases, the torque acting on the first stacked mirror grows exponentially. On the other hand, the second stacked mirror configuration shows a 50% increase in torque when compared to the single mirror configuration. 5.2 GEOMETRY The size and geometry of the micromirror are determined by the diameter of the optical beam as well as its application. For example, a micromirror used in an endoscope would require a smaller form factor. The micromirror discussed here is designed to be 1 mm in length, 1 mm in width and 10 ÃŽÂ ¼m in thickness. Also, it is assumed to be made of polysilicon that has a Youngs modulus of 160 GPa, Poissons ratio of 0.22 and density of 2330 kg/m3. Normally, the micromirror is designed to be suspended over a cavity by two torsion bars. Even though a straight torsion bar is simple to design and fabricate, it suffers from residual stress, which alters the stiffness of a torsion bar and the micromirrors frequency response. Furthermore, modification of the physical or geometric properties of the straight torsion bar is not straightforward since the geometry of the torsion bar such as the width and thickness are limited by the fabrication process. Hence, two rotated serpentine springs are chosen to hold the micromirror in place while the micromirror rotates. The serpentine springs stiffness can be easily customized regardless of the fabrication process. Thus, a rotated serpentine spring is employed in this analysis. The rotated serpentine spring used in this analysis is 4 ÃŽÂ ¼m wide, 10 ÃŽÂ ¼m thick, and 100 ÃŽÂ ¼m in length from one end to another end. The gap between each turn is 4 ÃŽÂ ¼m. Figure.3 (a) shows the expanded view of the rotated serpentine spring, and Figure.3 (b) shows the relative size and location of the spring on the micromirror. Figure 3. (a) Rotated Serpentine Spring Torsion Bar and (b) the Micromirror. Two different configurations of the micromirror are presented in Figure 4. To simplify modeling and analysis, the geometry and material of the plates (micromirrors) are kept identical except the stacking configuration. As shown in Figure 4(a), a micromirror is placed 250 ÃŽÂ ¼m directly above another square plate along the z-axis. In Figure 4(b), a micromirror is placed above another mirror with a 250 ÃŽÂ ¼m gap in the z axis and a 500 ÃŽÂ ¼m offset along the x- axis. The top plate is the micromirror, and the bottom plate is used as moving electrodes [8]. The micromirror and its moving counterpart have two electrodes located on their bottom. The electrodes are assumed to be made of 1 ÃŽÂ ¼m aluminium thin film. The rotated serpentine springs provide electrical connection between the electrodes and control circuitry. Figure-4. Stacked Micromirror Configurations. 5.3 Flexure Beam Micro-Mirror C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled1.jpg C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled.jpg Figure-5: Flexure Beam Micromirror APPROACH In order to develop the characteristic model of the Flexure-Beam micromirror device, it must first be characterized by equating the electrostatic actuation force of the parallel plate capacitor with the mechanical restoring force of the spring. Figure-6 shows a Flexure-Beam device in the resting ( V = 0 ) and active ( V > 0 ) modes where Zm represents the vertical height of the mirror above the address electrode. It is initially assumed that when no electrode potential is applied, the mirror rests firmly in the resting position, Z0, where the deflection distance, d, at all points on the mirror is zero [1]. Figure-6: Forces acting in flexure Beam Micromirror The Flexure-Beam device is a phase-only device since the direction of motion of the mirror is orthogonal to the reflective surface. Therefore, the optical path length can be altered while the direction of propagation remains unchanged. This makes the piston device very appealing for phase modulated filters or for adaptive phase correcting optics. Figure-7: Cloverleaf Micromirror One design improvement is another cantilever device known as the Cloverleaf. As shown in Figure, the flexures holding the reflective surfaces are placed in the center of the geometry. This takes the basic design of the Inverted Cloverleaf and reduces some of the negative effects observed. Also, the electrodes are located directly beneath each mirror which allows the cantilever surfaces to be individually addressable. Moving the support for the mirrors to the center of the pixel cell allows for better use of overall space. Now, the pixels can be placed so that adjacent cells nearly touch each other with only a small gap required between the mirrors of one cell and the mirrors of another. Most of the total surface area of the device is reserved for the active elements with the exception of the posts which hold the mirrors in place. This increases the active area of the device to as much as 86% which is similar to the remaining devices described in this chapter. This device, however, maintains the side effect of redirecting an incident beam of light in four distinct directions. C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled3.png Figure-8 The Quad-Cantilever deformable micromirror device The significant advantage over the Cloverleaf devices is that the mirrors are aligned so that the redirection of the incident beam of light is in a common direction. This allows the device to be capable of switching or redirecting the incident light with little loss in amplitude. One characteristic similar to the Inverted Cloverleaf and Cloverleaf devices is the slanted behavior of the deflected mirror. This behavior is typical with cantilever devices and creates a non-uniform phase response across the surface of each mirror [1]. ELECTROSTATIC FORCE In order to compute the electrostatic force on the mirror, it must first be determined by which means this force will be calculated. More specifically, it must be decided whether the charge distribution, which is not uniform over the mirror surface, will be considered. The charge distribution will change with the position of the mirror surface and will also be altered by any mirror surface deformations or discontinuities such as etch holes. This leads to a complicated solution when integrating across the mirror. As an alternative, since both the charge distribution of the mirror and the applied electrode voltage are related to the electric field within the device, it is possible to express the potential energy, of the electric charge distribution solely in terms of this field: C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled4.jpg Where, a is the surface charge distribution on the mirror, V is the actuation voltage between the mirror and address electrode, A is the area of the mirror, e0 is the free space dielectric constant and E is the electric field intensity at any point in the volume v within the device . By assigning an electric energy density of V-2coloumbs to each point in space within the device, the physical effect of the charge distribution on the mirror surface is preserved. From this approach it is easy to see that the non-uniform charge distribution on the mirror surface and the fringing effects of electric fields around the edges of the mirror are complementary descriptions of the same electrical phenomenon. 5.4 Dual Axis Micro-Mirror Figure-9: Dual-Axis micromirror Micromirror working principle The micromirror is made up by a circular polysilicon micromirror plate that is connected to a gimbal frame by a pair of polysilicon torsion springs (Fig. 9). The gimbal frame is supported by a pairs of polysilicon springs too. The structure is a dual axis micromirror: the slow axis works at the resonance frequency of 300 Hz while the fast axis works at the resonance frequency of 30 kHz. The fast axis allows the micromirror to be tilted around y direction while the slow axis allows the micromirror to be tilted around x direction. Both the two axis are actuated by electrostatic vertical comb drives. Vertical comb drives provide a motion in and out of the plane and present several advantages if compared to lateral comb drives. First of all, they generate a vertical force larger than lateral comb drives ,then they achieve larger scan angle at high resonance frequencies and finally they directly apply the torque to the micromirror without needing any hinges to couple their linear motion i nto torsional micromirror motion [4]. Each vertical comb drive consists of a set of moving mechanical polysilicon electrodes and a set of rigid electrodes suspended over an etched pit. The rigid electrodes are bound to the substrate, while the movable electrodes are linked to the axis. When a voltage is applied between the fixed fingers and the movable fingers, an electrostatic Torque arises between the two electrodes [4]. Consequently the movable fingers rotate around the torsional axis until the Electrostatic Torque (Te) and the Mechanical restoring Torque (Tm) of the springs are equal. These two torques can be expressed by (1) and (2). C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled5.jpg C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled 6.jpg Figure-10: Forces acting in a Dual-Axis Micromirror 5.5 Micromirror with Hidden Vertical Comb Drives The actuators and the torsion springs are hidden underneath the mirror to achieve high-fill factor in micromirror arrays. In this case, the fringing capacitance is significant and cannot be ignored [2]. The total capacitance as a function of angle can be calculated by integrating over the finger length. Fig. 11 shows the 3-D design of this: C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled7.png Figure-11: Hidden Vertical-Comb Drive Micromirror 6.CONCLUSION: In this report, the first three phase of the project have been completed. The different actuation principles , their advantages and disadvantages have been discussed. Also four designs have been proposed and analytical study of them has been done. We can now move on to the next phase which comprises of modeling as well as analysis of the designs chosen.

Essay --

Isaac Newton: The Mathematician Sir Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England. Isaac Newton was the most famous scientist in history. He was one of the most revolutionary, established, and influential physicist, philosopher and mathematician ever known. He was credited as one of the most brilliant minds of the 17th century scientific revolution. As Newton discoveries such as optics, motion and mathematics all together newton developed the principles of modern science. Born to a prosperous local farmer, also named Isaac Newton, who died three months after Newton was born. Newton was born as a premature baby who was feeble and weak and was told that he would not survive. At the age of 12, Newton attended Kings School in Grantham, where he stayed with a local apothecary and was then that newton was introduced into the fascinating world of chemistry. His mother pulled Newton out of school to become a farmer and not only Newton disliked being a farmer but he was also bad at being a farmer. He went back to Kings School to finish school. Once he finished, his u... Essay -- Isaac Newton: The Mathematician Sir Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England. Isaac Newton was the most famous scientist in history. He was one of the most revolutionary, established, and influential physicist, philosopher and mathematician ever known. He was credited as one of the most brilliant minds of the 17th century scientific revolution. As Newton discoveries such as optics, motion and mathematics all together newton developed the principles of modern science. Born to a prosperous local farmer, also named Isaac Newton, who died three months after Newton was born. Newton was born as a premature baby who was feeble and weak and was told that he would not survive. At the age of 12, Newton attended Kings School in Grantham, where he stayed with a local apothecary and was then that newton was introduced into the fascinating world of chemistry. His mother pulled Newton out of school to become a farmer and not only Newton disliked being a farmer but he was also bad at being a farmer. He went back to Kings School to finish school. Once he finished, his u...

Benito Mussolini :: essays research papers

Benito Mussolini   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benito Mussolini was the founder of Italian Fascism and premier of Italy ruling as a dictator from about 1925 until his dismissal in 1943. Mussolini was born to a socialist blacksmith. As a child he was unruly and undisciplined. He shared his fathers views picking up other ideas from authors of the time. Mussolini became a schoolteacher and journalist. He spent several years in Switzerland and took Rachele Guidi as is wife, they had five children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1913 Mussolini became editor of the Milan Socialist newspaper Avanti! When World War 1 began in 1914 he first opposed Italy's involvement, until he changed his mind, saying that Italy should take a stand with the Allies. This got him expelled from the socialist party. He soon founded his own paper, Il popolo d'italia, which became the backbone of his Fascist movement. He then served in the Army until he was wounded in 1917.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1919 Mussolini and some other war veterans founded a nationalistic revolutionary group called the Fasci di Combattimento. His movement turned into powerful radicalism, obtaining support from landowners in the Po valley, industrialists, and many army officers. Fascist blackshirt squads carried on civil war with Socialists, Communists, Catholics, and Liberals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In October 1922 Mussolini secured permission from King Victor Emmanuel lll to form a coalition government. In 1925-26, after a lengthy crisis with the parliament following the killing of the Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti, he imposed a Totalarian Dictatorship. His Corperative State came to terms with Italian Capitalism but abolished the free trade unions. In 1929 he ended conflict with the church through the Lateran Treaty of 1929.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1930's Mussolini turned to an aggressive foreign policy, conquering Ethiopia(1935-36) and helping General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936 he joined with Hitler's Germany and soon formed a military alliance(1939). In 1939 Mussolini ordered his armies to occupy Albania. However he kept out of World War ll until 1940, when the fall of France was imminent and the Germans seemed to be winning the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a series of Italian military disasters in Greece and North Africa, the leaders of his party abandoned him. The king dismissed him on July 25,1943 and had him arrested. On September 12 the Germans rescued him, making him puppet head of a government in northern Italy. In April 1945 Mussolini and

Fall On Your Knees Essay

* It is the story of James Piper, orphaned child, who becomes a piano tuner. When James was 18, he met Material, 13, and they elope to the close by village. Materia’s family were against her marriage. James then has three daughters, Kathleen, Mercedes, and Frances. James was a good man, but slowly dark side of his nature asserted itself. He serves in France during the Great War to make money. But the war comes to an end. He returns to his family. Kathleen is dispatched to New York City to study opera, she gets pregnant and later finds a lesbian partner. James finds out and brings his daughter back. Soon he is widower and Kathleen dies while giving birth to the twins. Mercedes tries her best to be the mother of Frances and her niece Lily, Kathleen’s daughter. Ambrose, Kathleen’s son is killed by Frances accidentally. Frances goes completely off track and starts doing prostitution to make money for Lily. Frances also gets pregnant and stops prostitution. James dies later on and everything depends on Mercedes since Frances is in a big shock. Later on, Lily goes to New York and Frances dies. Mercedes sends Ambrose, France’s son to New York. * Sacrifices are made by a lot of people in the whole universe for the sake of people who they love. In Ann – Marie Macdonald’s Fall on Your Knees, James and his family sacrifice important things that they desire or want for the sake of their family. Through the use of characterization, symbols and diction, Macdonald shows that healthy sacrifices benefit everyone. Similarly in Hamlet by William Shakespeare, Sacrifice is shown throughout the play for the benefit of self or others that they love or want. This is also shown by Shakespeare by using the above elements, which proves that the sacrifices that are made for the benefit of everyone will lead to the happy ending. Characterization is used to show the decisions that are made for the benefits of other or self. In Fall on Your Knees, people make decisions that benefit others which have huge impact in their life, while in Hamlet, the decisions that are made are for the benefits of self for which someone else has to pay. * There are many characters in Fall on Your Knees that choose to live for the sake of others. One of them is Kathleen. Kathleen is a great singer who poses beauty and singing talent but she has no friends and is not even close to her mother. The only friend that she has is her father. She gave up everything that she could have just for the sake of her daddy. She wants to be singer just because her daddy wants her to be famous, so people can appreciate her talent. â€Å"At first she did it for daddy’s sake† (Macdonald 99). This shows that Kathleen gave up her whole childhood and teenage moments that she could have for herself for the sake of daddy. She never goes anywhere by herself. Later, James sends her to USA to study Opera. And she agrees without even saying anything. * Similarly her sister, Mercedes also sacrifices her educations and her future for the sake of family. Mercedes is a good girl who is taking the role of mother for her sisters. â€Å"Mercedes is so accustomed to doing everything for Daddy’s sake† (299). Mercedes does not tell her father about her dream of going to university. She knows that her father will be all alone if she leaves him. She buries her dream in her heart, so she stays home and takes care of the family. * Similarly in Hamlet, Hamlet sacrifices his future and his love for the sake of his father. He needs to take revenge. Hamlet is always sad and depressed since his father is no more. When he found that his uncle was the murderer of his father, he promised the ghost to take revenge for his father’s death. To accomplish his motive, he gave up the love of his life, Ophelia, so he can have no weaknesses. â€Å"You should not have believed me; for virtue cannot so/ inoculate our old stock but we shall relish of it. I loved you/ not. † (III. 1. 128-130). Hamlet is refusing that he never loved Ophelia. He also used her to confuse Claudius. * Kathleen has never got love from anyone else except her daddy, whose love also changes after coming from war. This causes her to crave for love. The crave for the love leads to many ironies such as her turning into a lesbian and eventually her death. However, this is not same for Mercedes. Even though Mercedes is not pursuing her education any further, she is learning to be a responsible women and she does not marry in the future because she needs to take care of her sisters and her father. She is gaining even though she is giving up something. Whereas, Hamlet’s sacrifice caused Ophelia to not trust Hamlet anymore and later on in the play, that lead to her death. * The other element that has been used is symbolism. Symbolism is used to show what each character has become because of the decisions that they choose to make. In both texts, there are a lot of symbols that represents the characters or the meaning of their life. * In fall on your knees, darkness is used to represent the sacrifices that the characters make without knowing the consequences. They do not know what lies ahead and what the result might be for taking that action. But, they continue to do it because they feel that they need to do it. The other symbol that is used is monster. It is used to represent Materia. It represents Materia because she has become a monster while searching for the happiness of the family. â€Å"Materia saw herself in a clear glass at last and it was Monstrous. † This shows that even she knows that she has turned into a monster. Materia thinks that she is happy without her daughter. She does not want her daughter to come back. She is ready to sacrifice her own daughter for the family’s happiness. This is similar to the monster since monsters are ready to eat their own children to fill their own stomach when needed. The other symbol that is used in the novel is scarecrow. Scarecrow is used to represent the memories that they had in the past. It was made by Materia. James tears it down because he does not want to remember his past since there had been a lot of incidents that have happened in his life. He wants to live without having to remember his past. * Similarly in Hamlet, sponge is used to represent Rosencrantz. Hamlet thinks that Rosencrantz is giving up his friendship to suck up to the King. He feels betrayed by his own friend. He calls Rosencrantz a sponge when he says â€Å"Besides, to be demanded of a sponge! † (IV. . 12). Since, he has become a messenger that acts as a carrier of messages and spills it in front of King, Rosencrantz collects all the information like a sponge collects water and spills it in front of a king, similar to how water spills off the sponge when it is squeezed. * In Fall on Your Knees, Materia meets her consequences when she was finally able to love Kathleen. She has to sacrifice Kathleen just so the twins can see the new world. As well as James lived a happy life in the future where he didn’t had to think about his past and died in peace. Similar to Materia, Rosencrantz is sent to England where he is to be executed with his friend, Guildenstern, as soon as he reaches there. * The last element that is used is diction. Diction is used to show the consequences of the sacrifices that are made by the characters for their benefit, where someone else pays the price of their sacrifice, or for the benefit of someone else, where they pay the price by themselves. The choices of their decisions give the characters several names in the both texts. * James is a widower. He has to take care of mother less children since his wife died. He needs to make money in the Great Depression time, so he does things that give him bad name. People in the town say â€Å"Mercedes’ father [James] was a bad man. A bootlegger. A scab. An enemy of this town† (232) He makes and sells illegal liquor in the town that gives him bad reputation. He is being called a â€Å"bootlegger†, â€Å"scab† and â€Å"enemy of the town† because of the illegal business that he does. But he does not care about what the other people say, because he needs to make money to support his family financially. He sacrifices his reputation in the town for the sake of family. Similarly, the business that Frances does is not giving her a good reputation that she wants. She becomes everything of Lily, her niece, whom she calls sister. Frances blames herself for Lily being disabled. She wants to make money for her, so she starts selling herself and becomes a stripper because she thinks that is the fastest way to make money. She becomes so bad that Camille calls her â€Å"The slut who lives only to dishonour the memory of poor Materia. † (316). This shows that Frances has been selling her stuff that she got bad reputation in the town. She does all this because she feels as if this is needed to do for the sake of Lily, since Frances thinks that Lily might need these money in future. * Similarly in Hamlet, Polonius does everything that he can to suck up to the King, no matter what happens. He is even ready to sacrifice his own daughter, Ophelia. This is one reason why hamlet calls him â€Å"Excellent well; you are a fishmonger† (II. 2. 190). Polonius is called a â€Å"fishmonger†, because he can sacrifice his own daughter to curry the King as much as he possibly can. He does this just to show how much he can be trusted. This keeps on hurting Ophelia and causes her to go through more pain even though Polonius is considered a trustable person by the king. * James dies without even having any friend because whatever he does for his family is affecting everyone in the town which makes the people in town hate him more. Similarly, Frances is never loved by anyone except Mercedes and Lily. At the end, the money comes to use of Lily, but to earn that money; Frances had to go through a lot of pain. Similarly, Ophelia goes through a lot of pain since she was being used by her father to curry the king. This attitude of sucking up to the King decides Polonius’s destiny and he gets killed. * In conclusion, there are a lot of different decisions that affect the whole novel later on. While some of them are good choices, some of them are bad that they decide to do for the sake of someone or self. This is shown by the use of narrative elements such as characterisation, symbolism and diction, which all show the choices that they made and the result of those choices. Even though we all make decisions and sacrifices in our life, one will learn whether the sacrifices that they made were worth of making or not after the sacrifice has been made.

Concepts of Criminal Law

William Elf August 17, 2013 The Choice of Evil Defense is also called the General Defense of Necessity. This defense justifies an act that may be a crime but Is done to prevent a greater evil. â€Å"the choice of veil's defense consists of proving that the defendant made the right choice, the only choice?namely, the necessity of choosing now to do a lesser evil to avoid a greater evil† (Samara, 2014).The Model Penal Code contains the elements in three steps: 1) Identify the evils. 2) Rank the evils that are present. 3) Choose the evil that would be the best and that something is going to happen immediately. The choice of veil's defense says it is better to commit a lesser crime to avoid the harm a greater crime would cause. An example of this would be if your neighbors' car was burning in a parking lot and you saw it was on fire and sitting next to the neighbors' car was a car that had three children In It.No one was In your neighbors car so no one was In harms' way but there was no adult in the car with the kids. In order to protect the kids, you went over and Jumped In the car and moved the car further away from the fire. The mother came out and saw that her car was not in the spot she parked it and called the police. The police charged you with stealing the vehicle and kidnapping of the three kids. At trial you presented the choice of evil defense stating that you had to move the car with the children in It to prevent them from burning up in the fire caused by the neighbor's car.If you wouldn't have moved the car to a safe place, the children would have been seriously injured or killed. In this scenario the Judge should allow the defense of the choice of evil because if he wouldn't have moved the car when he did, the kids would have been severely hurt or killed immediately. He didn't have erne to go try to find the mother of the kids so she could move the car herself. Reference Samara. (2014). Criminal law (1 lath De. ) Coinage Learning By diamagnetic Everest University Online offense Justifies an act that may be a crime but is done to prevent a greater evil. The car that had three children in it. No one was in your neighbor's car so no one was in kids, you went over and Jumped in the car and moved the car further away from the to move the car with the children in it to prevent them from burning up in the fire should allow the defense of the choice of evil because if he wouldn't have moved the didn't have time to go try to find the mother of the kids so she could move the car Samara, (2014). Criminal law (1 lath De. ) Coinage Learning